Table 3.
List of oxidative stress biomarkers and their methods of detection
| Free radicals and reactive species | Markers/probes and detection methods | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
ROS/RNS |
Direct measurement |
ROS |
1. Electron spin resonance (ERS) – Spectroscopy method |
| 2. Fluorescence (2′,7′ dichlorofluorescein) - Flow cytometry/spectroflurometry | |||
| RNS |
1. Ion electrode method |
||
|
Indirect measurement |
Lipid |
1. Malondialdehyde (MDA) – colorometric, flurometric, ELISA, HPLC |
|
| 2. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) - colorimetric, flurometric | |||
| 3. 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) – GC- MS, HPLC | |||
| 4. F2 isoprostanes (8-iso-PGF2) – colorimetric, flurometric, ELISA | |||
| 5. Lipid hydroperoxidation - Hexanoyl - Lys adduct (HEL) - ELISA, HPLC | |||
| 6. Oxidized low density Lipoprotein – HPLC, ELISA | |||
| Protein |
1. Carbonyl – colorometric, ELISA |
||
| 2. 3-nitrotyrosine - GC-MS, HPLC, ELISA | |||
| 3. Protein Thiol - colorimetric, ELISA | |||
| DNA |
1. 8-Hydroxy-2′deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) - HPLC, LC, MC, ELISA |
||
| 2. DNA Break - comet assay, flow cytometry | |||
|
Antioxidant |
Antioxidant enzyme activity |
Super oxide dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Catalase, Glutathione reductase, Xanthine oxidase- ELISA, colorimetric method |
|
| Glutathione - HPLC, colorimetric/flurometric method | |||
| Antioxidant non-enzymes |
Ascorbic acid, α tocopherol, β carotene, Lycopene – colorimetric Zinc, Selenium, Mn, Cu, Fe – Flame Photometrry |
||
| Antioxidant capacity | 1. Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) – colorimetric method |
||
| 2. Triolox Equivalent antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) – colorimetric method | |||
| 3. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) – colorimetric method | |||
| 4. Asymmetric Dimethylarginie (ADMA) – colorimetric method | |||