Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| T1DM with proliferative retinopathy | T1DM without proliferative retinopathy | Controls | Overall P -value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N |
51 |
51 |
50 |
- |
| Age (years) |
44.5 ± 7.1*# |
38.1 ± 9.3 |
36.7 ± 11.4 |
<0.001 |
| Sex male/female |
21/30 |
20/33 |
20/31 |
0.978 |
| Estimated IQa |
110.2 ± 13.4 |
106.8 ± 11.3 |
108.5 ± 12.0 |
0.388 |
| Depressive symptomsb |
8.0 (0 – 42)*# |
5.0 (0 – 31) |
4.5 (0 – 37) |
0.008 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
25.6 ± 4.1 |
24.8 ± 3.6 |
24.1 ± 3.5 |
0.126 |
| Height (meters) |
1.73 ± 0.1 |
1.75 ± 0.1 |
1.76 ± 0.1 |
0.300 |
| Current smoker (%) |
6 (11.8) |
10 (19.6) |
11 (22.0) |
0.347 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) |
64.7 ± 14.1* |
61.7 ± 9.8* |
34.3 ± 2.6 |
<0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) |
8.1 ± 1.3* |
7.8 ± 0.9* |
5.3 ± 0.2 |
<0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) |
4.5 ± 0.7 |
4.7 ± 0.7 |
4.5 ± 0.9 |
0.276 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) |
1.8 ± 0.5* |
1.8 ± 0.5* |
1.5 ± 0.4 |
0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) |
2.4 ± 0.6 |
2.5 ± 0.6 |
2.5 ± 0.8 |
0.686 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) |
133.6 ± 17.3* |
129.0 ± 14.9 |
123.9 ± 11.4 |
0.005 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
76.0 ± 8.7 |
78.1 ± 9.7 |
77.1 ± 7.2 |
0.488 |
| Hypertension (%)c |
33 (64.7) |
12 (23.5) |
- |
<0.001 |
| ACR (mg/mmol) |
0.9 (0 – 33.2) |
0.4 (0 – 3.19) |
- |
0.005 |
| Diabetes duration (years) |
34.3 ± 7.8 |
21.8 ± 9.4 |
- |
<0.001 |
| Diabetes onset age (years) |
10.2 ± 7.2 |
16.3 ± 9.7 |
- |
0.001 |
| Early onset diabetes (%)d |
18 (35.3) |
10 (19.6) |
|
0.120 |
| BG before echo (mmol/l) |
9.2 ± 4.0 |
8.9 ± 3.2 |
- |
0.766 |
| Severe hypoglycemiae |
2.0 (0 – 40) |
2.0 (0 – 50) |
- |
0.770 |
| Neuropathy (%)f |
25 (49) |
- |
- |
- |
| Microalbuminuria (%)g | 14 (27.5) | - | - | - |
Data are represented as mean with standard deviation, median with min/max or absolute numbers with percentage between parenthesis. BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; ACR: albumin:creatinine ratio; BG: blood glucose.
*Statistically different from controls.
#Statistically different from patients without proliferative retinopathy.
aEstimated IQ was measured using the Dutch version of the National Adult Reading Test (NART).
bDepressive symptoms were self-reported using the Center for Epidemiological Studies scale for Depression (CES-D).
cHypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg, a diastolic blood pressure of >90, or the use of antihypertensive drugs.
dEarly diabetes onset was defined as a onset before 7 years of age.
eSevere hypoglycaemic events were self-reported during lifetime according to DCCT guidelines.
fPeripheral neuropathy status was collected from the medical records, based on data from the annual check-up patients receive, or, if not available, was self-reported.
gMicroalbuminuria was defined as an albumin-to-creatinine ratio >2.5 mg/mmol for men and >3.5 mg/mmol for women.