Table 2.
Body Measures and Incidence of Any Cataract, Cataract Surgery, and Early or Late AMD Over 15 Years (Beaver Dam Eye Study [BDES] 2 to BDES5) by Sex and Smoking Status
|
Incidence |
Sex |
Risk Factor |
Nonsmokers |
Smokers |
||||||||||
|
Age Adjusted |
Maximally Adjusted |
Age Adjusted |
Maximally Adjusted |
|||||||||||
|
HR |
95% CI |
PValue |
HR |
95% CI |
P value |
HR |
95% CI |
PValue |
HR |
95% CI |
PValue |
|||
| Cataract surgery | Female | BMI* | 1.02 | (0.96, 1.09) | 0.44 | 1.02 | (0.95, 1.09) | 0.59 | 1.06 | (1.00, 1.13) | 0.05 | 1.03 | (0.97, 1.09) | 0.38 |
| WC† | 1.01 | (0.97, 1.06) | 0.59 | 1.00 | (0.96, 1.05) | 0.91 | 1.06 | (1.01, 1.10) | 0.01 | 1.03 | (0.98, 1.08) | 0.20 | ||
| WHR‡ | 1.06 | (0.90, 1.26) | 0.49 | 1.03 | (0.86, 1.22) | 0.76 | 1.21 | (1.01, 1.45) | 0.04 | 1.08 | (0.89, 1.32) | 0.42 | ||
| WHtR‡ | 1.05 | (0.92, 1.20) | 0.50 | 1.02 | (0.89, 1.17) | 0.78 | 1.19 | (1.04, 1.36) | 0.01 | 1.10 | (0.95, 1.27) | 0.21 | ||
| Male | BMI* | 1.09 | (0.96, 1.24) | 0.17 | 1.09 | (0.97, 1.24) | 0.16 | 0.97 | (0.89, 1.06) | 0.55 | 0.97 | (0.89, 1.07) | 0.57 | |
| WC† | 1.07 | (0.97, 1.18) | 0.17 | 1.08 | (0.98, 1.18) | 0.14 | 1.00 | (0.93, 1.07) | 0.97 | 1.00 | (0.93, 1.07) | 0.99 | ||
| WHR‡ | 1.24 | (0.87, 1.78) | 0.23 | 1.28 | (0.89, 1.84) | 0.18 | 1.07 | (0.80, 1.42) | 0.65 | 1.06 | (0.80, 1.42) | 0.67 | ||
| WHtR‡ | 1.26 | (0.92, 1.74) | 0.15 | 1.28 | (0.93, 1.74) | 0.12 | 1.01 | (0.79, 1.27) | 0.97 | 1.00 | (0.79, 1.27) | 0.99 | ||
| Nuclear cataract | Female | BMI* | 0.96 | (0.89, 1.03) | 0.29 | 0.96 | (0.89, 1.04) | 0.32 | 0.95 | (0.88, 1.03) | 0.20 | 0.95 | (0.87, 1.03) | 0.20 |
| WC† | 1.97 | (0.93, 1.02) | 0.30 | 0.97 | (0.92, 1.03) | 0.29 | 0.98 | (0.92, 1.03) | 0.39 | 0.98 | (0.92, 1.03) | 0.40 | ||
| WHR‡ | 1.97 | (0.80, 1.17) | 0.73 | 0.96 | (0.78, 1.18) | 0.68 | 1.13 | (0.90, 1.41) | 0.31 | 1.15 | (0.91, 1.46) | 0.25 | ||
| WHtR‡ | 0.92 | (0.79, 1.07) | 0.27 | 0.91 | (0.76, 1.08) | 0.26 | 0.94 | (0.79, 1.12) | 0.52 | 0.94 | (0.79, 1.13) | 0.54 | ||
| Male | BMI* | 0.98 | (0.86, 1.13) | 0.82 | 0.97 | (0.84, 1.12) | 0.69 | 0.93 | (0.84, 1.02) | 0.13 | 0.86 | (0.70, 1.05) | 0.14 | |
| WC† | 1.00 | (0.91, 1.10) | 0.97 | 0.99 | (0.89, 1.09) | 0.78 | 0.98 | (0.92, 1.05) | 0.61 | 0.99 | (0.92, 1.06) | 0.71 | ||
| WHR‡ | 0.92 | (0.64, 1.33) | 0.67 | 0.88 | (0.60, 1.29) | 0.50 | 1.11 | (0.83, 1.47) | 0.48 | 1.13 | (0.84, 1.52) | 0.41 | ||
| WHtR‡ | 0.90 | (0.64, 1.28) | 0.57 | 0.87 | (0.61, 1.24) | 0.43 | 0.95 | (0.74, 1.21) | 0.67 | 0.96 | (0.74, 1.24) | 0.74 | ||
| Cortical cataract or PSC | Female | BMI* | 1.04 | (0.98, 1.11) | 0.21 | 1.03 | (0.96, 1.11) | 0.37 | 0.95 | (0.88, 1.02) | 0.14 | 0.93 | (0.86, 1.01) | 0.08 |
| WC† | 1.02 | (0.97, 1.06) | 0.42 | 1.01 | (0.96, 1.06) | 0.80 | 0.99 | (0.94, 1.04) | 0.73 | 0.98 | (0.93, 1.04) | 0.56 | ||
| WHR‡ | 1.13 | (0.96, 1.33) | 0.16 | 1.08 | (0.90, 1.29) | 0.40 | 1.20 | (0.97, 1.48) | 0.09 | 1.20 | (0.96, 1.50) | 0.12 | ||
| WHtR‡ | 1.07 | (0.94, 1.23) | 0.29 | 1.04 | (0.89, 1.21) | 0.62 | 0.97 | (0.83, 1.14) | 0.72 | 0.95 | (0.80, 1.13) | 0.56 | ||
| Male | BMI* | 1.13 | (1.00, 1.26) | 0.04 | 1.08 | (0.96, 1.22) | 0.18 | 1.06 | (0.98, 1.15) | 0.15 | 1.05 | (0.97, 1.14) | 0.22 | |
| WC† | 1.11 | (1.01, 1.21) | 0.03 | 1.07 | (0.98, 1.18) | 0.14 | 1.04 | (0.98, 1.11) | 0.21 | 1.04 | (0.97, 1.11) | 0.28 | ||
| WHR‡ | 1.54 | (1.07, 2.23) | 0.02 | 1.43 | (0.97, 2.12) | 0.07 | 1.18 | (0.90, 1.53) | 0.23 | 1.15 | (0.88, 1.50) | 0.30 | ||
| WHtR‡ | 1.52 | (1.12, 2.06) | 0.01 | 1.37 | (1.00, 1.88) | 0.05 | 1.26 | (1.00, 1.58) | 0.05 | 1.24 | (0.98, 1.57) | 0.08 | ||
| Early AMD | Female | BMI* | 1.09 | (1.01, 1.17) | 0.03 | 1.10 | (1.02, 1.19) | 0.02 | 1.06 | (0.98, 1.15) | 0.18 | 1.07 | (0.98, 1.17) | 0.14 |
| WC† | 1.02 | (0.97, 1.08) | 0.44 | 1.03 | (0.97, 1.09) | 0.33 | 1.03 | (0.97, 1.10) | 0.31 | 1.04 | (0.97, 1.11) | 0.29 | ||
| WHR‡ | 0.95 | (0.78, 1.16) | 0.61 | 0.96 | (0.78, 1.19) | 0.71 | 0.96 | (0.75, 1.21) | 0.72 | 0.93 | (0.72, 1.20) | 0.59 | ||
| WHtR‡ | 1.05 | (0.89, 1.23) | 0.57 | 1.07 | (0.90, 1.27) | 0.45 | 1.12 | (0.92, 1.36) | 0.25 | 1.14 | (0.93, 1.41) | 0.21 | ||
| Male | BMI* | 0.89 | (0.75, 1.06) | 0.18 | 0.90 | (0.75, 1.07) | 0.23 | 0.98 | (0.89, 1.07) | 0.61 | 1.00 | (0.90, 1.10) | 0.92 | |
| WC† | 0.93 | (0.82, 1.05) | 0.22 | 0.93 | (0.82, 1.06) | 0.29 | 1.02 | (0.94, 1.10) | 0.67 | 1.04 | (0.96, 1.13) | 0.38 | ||
| WHR‡ | 0.91 | (0.57, 1.44) | 0.68 | 0.93 | (0.58, 1.48) | 0.76 | 1.19 | (0.85, 1.66) | 0.31 | 1.29 | (0.92, 1.81) | 0.15 | ||
| WHtR‡ | 0.74 | (0.48, 1.14) | 0.17 | 0.75 | (0.47, 1.19) | 0.22 | 1.06 | (0.81, 1.40) | 0.65 | 1.14 | (0.86, 1.52) | 0.35 | ||
| Late AMD | Female | BMI* | 1.28 | (1.13, 1.45) | 0.001 | 1.31 | (1.15, 1.50) | 0.001 | 0.99 | (0.85, 1.16) | 0.91 | 0.99 | (0.81, 1.21) | 0.93 |
| WC† | 1.19 | (1.09, 1.29) | 0.001 | 1.21 | (1.10, 1.34) | 0.001 | 0.95 | (0.85, 1.05) | 0.32 | 0.94 | (0.81, 1.10) | 0.45 | ||
| WHR‡ | 1.82 | (1.28, 2.59) | 0.001 | 1.95 | (1.33, 2.86) | 0.001 | 0.68 | (0.45, 1.01) | 0.06 | 0.65 | (0.38, 1.12) | 0.12 | ||
| WHtR‡ | 1.63 | (1.27, 2.10) | 0.001 | 1.74 | (1.31, 2.31) | 0.001 | 0.79 | (0.57, 1.12) | 0.19 | 0.78 | (0.49, 1.25) | 0.30 | ||
| Male | BMI* | 0.90 | (0.66, 1.23) | 0.50 | 0.86 | (0.61, 1.20) | 0.36 | 1.19 | (0.94, 1.51) | 0.15 | Cannot estimate | |||
| WC† | 0.95 | (0.74, 1.22) | 0.69 | 0.92 | (0.69, 1.21) | 0.53 | 1.18 | (1.00, 1.40) | 0.05 | Cannot estimate | ||||
| WHR‡ | 1.42 | (0.47, 4.30) | 0.54 | 1.38 | (0.43, 4.45) | 0.59 | 1.57 | (0.85, 2.90) | 0.15 | Cannot estimate | ||||
| WHtR‡ | 0.94 | (0.40, 2.25) | 0.90 | 0.84 | (0.33, 2.18) | 0.73 | 1.90 | (0.99, 3.66) | 0.05 | Cannot estimate | ||||
Maximally adjusted model includes age (age and age squared for cataract outcomes), sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, and diabetes. PSC, posterior subscapular cataract.
*
BMI per 2.5 kg/m2.
†
Waist circumference per 5 cm.
‡
WHR and WHtR per 0.1 cm/cm.