Table 6.
Bivariate and multivariable analyses of sample and housing characteristics and occupants’ self-reported poor health, Greater Accra Region, Ghana, 2012
| Variable |
Self-rated occupant’s health
|
Unadjusted OR, 95% CI | P = Value | Multivariable analysis (R 2 = 33.8) Adjusted ORs (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good health n(%) | Poor heath n(%) | ||||
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
| Male |
245(96.8) |
8(3.2) |
1 |
|
1 |
| Female |
229(92.7) |
18(7.3) |
2.41 [1.03-5.64] |
0.044 |
2.98 [1.06-8.35] |
|
Employment status |
|
|
|
|
|
| Formal |
188(97.9) |
4(2.1) |
1 |
|
1 |
| Informal |
285(92.9) |
22(7.1) |
3.62 [1.23-10.66] |
0.013 |
0.79 [0.63-0.99] |
|
Income |
|
|
|
|
|
| High |
100(99.0) |
1(1.0) |
1 |
|
1 |
| Low |
374(93.7) |
25(6.3) |
6.68 [0.90-49.93] |
0.041 |
[not included] |
|
# of windows per bedroom |
|
|
|
|
|
| 2 or more |
393(96.3) |
15(3.7) |
1 |
|
1 |
| < 2 windows |
81(88.0) |
11(12.0) |
3.56 [1.58-8.03] |
0.03 |
1.33[0.90-1.96] |
|
House wall material |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cement |
367[95.1] |
19[4.9] |
1 |
|
1 |
| Non-cement |
107[93.9] |
7[6.1] |
1.26 [0.52-3.09] |
0.63 |
[not included] |
|
Odour present |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
370(96.1 |
15(3.9) |
1 |
|
1 |
| Yes |
104(90.4) |
11(9.6) |
2.61 [1.16-5.85] |
0.028 |
2.67 [0.68-10.43] |
|
Stale air present |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
378(96.7) |
13(3.3) |
1 |
|
1 |
| Yes |
96(88.1) |
13(11.9) |
3.94 [1.77-8.77] |
0.001 |
3.89 [0.91-10.45] |
|
Has privacy
1
in the house |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
403(97.3) |
11(2.7) |
1 |
|
1 |
| No |
71(82.6) |
15(17.4) |
7.74 [3.41-17.54] |
<0.001 |
8.16 [2.86-23.26] |
|
Location |
|
|
|
|
|
| Outside Accra |
89(89.0) |
11(11.0) |
1 |
|
1 |
| Within Accra |
385(96.3) |
15(3.7) |
0.32 [0.14-0.71] |
0.009 |
0.14 [0.04-0.53] |
|
Shares toilet facility |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
263(96.7) |
9(3.3) |
1 |
|
1 |
| Yes |
211(92.5) |
17(7.5) |
2.35 [1.03-5.39] |
0.044 |
1.55 [0.44-5.44] |
|
Hand washing facility |
|
|
|
|
|
| Present |
226(97.0) |
7(3.0) |
1 |
|
1 |
| Absent |
248(92.9) |
19(7.1) |
2.47 [1.02-5.99] |
0.044 |
1.03 [0.36-2.91] |
|
Type of house |
|
|
|
|
|
| Self-contained* |
303(96.5) |
11(3.5) |
1 |
|
1 |
| Not self-contained/other |
171(91.9) |
15(8.1) |
2.42 [1.09-5.38] |
0.036 |
0.804 [0.25-2.57] |
|
House needs repair |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
277(98.2) |
5(1.8) |
1 |
|
1 |
| Yes | 197(90.4) | 21(9.6) | 5.91 [2.19-15.91] | <0.001 | 1.877 [0.68-5.91] |
Note: Significance considered at p-value < 0.05 and if the OR estimate did not cross the null for 95% CI. Fishers Exact Test used for small cell counts. *Self-contained – means house has an inbuilt sanitary and kitchen facilities.
1Privacy in a house–response to the question: ‘Do you have privacy at home?’
The final model included: type of house, house wall material, shared toilet, hand washing facility, number of windows per bedroom, sex, employment status, household income, stale air present, odour present, house needs repair, has privacy in the house, and location.