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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Dent. 2014 Jan 15;42(5):517–533. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.12.015

Table 1.

Reaction stages in 45S5 Bioglass® with increasing time.

Stage Reaction
event		 Response
graphic file with name nihms557561t1.jpg 1 Sodium and calcium hydrogen ion exchange on glass surface Chemical
Occurs
in vitro
or
in vivo
2 Dissolution of surface silica and formation of surface silanol
3 Condensation and repolymerization of silanol to form SiO2-rich surface laver
4 Precipitation of amorphous calcium phosphate on the silica gel surface layer
5 Nucleation and crystallization of amorphous calcium phosphate to carbonated apatite
6 Protein adsorption (growth factors, etc) to the surface carbonated apatite layer Biological
Occurs
only
in vivo
7 Action of macrophages to remove debris from surgical site
8 Attachment of mesenchymal stem cells on bioactive surface
9 Differentiation of stem cells to form bone growing cells, osteoblasts
10 Generation of extracellular matrix by osteoblasts to form bone
11 Mineralisation of extracellular matrix to enclose bone cells, osteocytes