Table 2.

Studies on in vivo bioactivity (bone-bonding responses) hydraulic calcium silicate cements following intraosseous implantation.

Reference	Material investigated	Animal model	Surgical site	Number of intra-osseous implants	Time period (days)	Delivery Method	Results
							New bone apposition in direct contact with material Number (%)	New bone separated from material by fibrous connective tissue Number (%)	Mixed (incomplete direct bone contact) Number (%)
132	Grey MTA	Guinea pig	Mandible	5	60	Teflon cup	1 (20%)	4 (80%)	NA
133	Grey MTA	Guinea pig	Mandible	10	70	Teflon cup	1 (10%)	9 (90%)	0 (0%)
			Tibia	11	80		5 (45.45%)	5 (45.45%)	1 (9.1%)
134	Grey MTA	Rat	Parietal bone	20	15	Freshly mixed; direct placement	0 (0%)^a	20 (100%)^c	0 (0%)^b
				18	30		0 (0%)^a	14 (77.8%)^c	4 (22.2%)^b
				18	60		2 (11.2%)^a	8 (44.4%)^c	8 (44.4%)^b
135	Grey MTA	Guinea pig	Mandible	13	14	Teflon cup	8 (81.5%)	5 (38.5%)	NA
				13	84		7 (53.8%)	6 (46.2%)
	Portland cement			13	14		7 (53.8%)	6 (46.2%)
				13	84		10 (76.9%)	3 (23.1%)
136	Grey MTA	Guinea pig	Mandible	10	28	Teflon cup	Unspecified specimen numbers–fibrous capsule (absent/slight), new bone in close contact with material (extensive) for both time periods. Negative control (empty Teflon cup)–thin fibrous capsule for both time periods.
				12	84
137 ^d	Grey MTA	Rat	Femur	15	7	Freshly mixed; direct placement	15 (100%)^c
				15	28				15 (100%)^b
				15	56		15 (100%)^a

Defined as extensive (complete coverage or "bridging" of the material surface with bone).

Defined as moderate (at least 50% of the material surface partially covered with bone).

Defined as slight (occasional islands of osteogenesis over the material surface; less than 25% of the material surface covered with bone).

Results questionable - negative control groups (no material placement in implant cavity) for each time period exhibited the same results as the experimental groups.