Table 1.
Measurements and estimates of micro/nanoarchitecture of the lacunar–canalicular network (updated from Cardoso et al. 2013)
| Reference | Method | Tissue | Lacunar porosity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schneider et al. (2007) | SR-μ CT | Mouse (B6) femoral mid-diaphysis | 1.3 |
| Tommasini et al. (2012) | SR-μ CT | Rat femoral diaphysis | 1.5 |
| Palacio-Mancheno et al. (2013) | μ CT | Rat tibial cortical metaphysis | 1.5 ± 0.44 |
| Present study | μ CT | Human femoral diaphysis | 1.69 ± 0.50 |
|
| |||
| Reference | Method | Tissue | Canalicular porosity (%) |
|
| |||
| Schneider et al. (2011) | FIB/SEM | Mouse (B6) femoral mid-diaphysis | 0.70 |
| Sharma et al. (2012) | CLSM | Rat tibial cortical metaphysis | 14 (overestimated due to partial volume effects) |
| Present study | μ CT | Human femoral diaphysis | 2.79 ± 0.91 |
|
| |||
| Reference | Method | Tissue | Lacuna per unit volume (#/mm3) |
|
| |||
| Hannah et al. (2010) | SR-μ CT | Human femur | 40–90 (×103) |
| Tommasini et al. (2012) | SR-μ CT | Rat femoral diaphysis | 56.5 (×103) |
| Sharma et al. (2012) | CLSM | Rat tibial cortical metaphysis | 67.3 ± 14.0 (×103) |
| Carter et al. (2013) | SR-μ CT | Human femur | 26–37 (×103) |
| Palacio-Mancheno et al. (2013) | μ CT | Rat tibial cortical metaphysis | 68.8 ± 13.2 (×103) |
| Present study | μ CT | Human femoral diaphysis | 36.85 ± 9.99 (×103) |
|
| |||
| Reference | Method | Tissue | Lacunar volume (μ m3) |
|
| |||
| McCreadie et al. (2004) | CLSM | Human hip | 455 ± 200 |
| Hannah et al. (2010) | SR-μ CT | Human femur | 290 ± 107 |
| Sharma et al. (2012) | CLSM | Rat tibial cortical metaphysis | 352 ± 30 |
| Carter et al. (2013) | SR-μ CT | Human femur | ~400 |
|
| |||
| Reference | Method | Tissue | Inter-lacuna separation (μ m) |
|
| |||
| Sugawara et al. (2005) | CLSM | Chick calvaria, E16 days old | 24.1 ± 2.8 |
| Hannah et al. (2010) | SR-μ CT | Human femur | 21.9 ± 6.3 |
| Sugawara et al. (2011) | CLSM | Chick calvaria, E16 days old | 23.5 ± 6.1 |
| Mouse calvaria (B6), E17 days old | 39.6 ± 11.6 | ||
| Sharma et al. (2012) | CLSM | Rat tibial cortical metaphysis | 24.8 ± 1.7 |
|
| |||
| Reference | Method | Tissue | Canaliculi diameter (nm) |
|
| |||
| Marotti (1990) | SEM | Human tibia | 150–550 |
| You et al. (2004) | TEM | Mouse female | 259 ± 129 |
| Sugawara et al. (2005) | CLSM | Chick calvaria, E16 days old | <500 |
| Lin and Xu (2011) | AFM | Bovine tibia, transverse direction | 426 ± 118 |
| Bovine tibia, radial direction | 459 ± 144 | ||
| Bovine tibia, longitudinal direction | 419 ± 113 | ||
| Schneider et al. (2011) | FIB/SEM | Mouse (B6) femoral mid-diaphysis | 95 |
| Sharma et al. (2012) | CLSM | Rat tibia, cortical metaphysis trab. remnants | 520 ± 42 |
| Rat tibia, cortical metaphysis lamellar region | 553 ± 33 | ||
| Rat tibia, cancellous metaphysis | 483 ± 24 | ||
| SEM | Rat tibia, cancellous metaphysis | 335 ± 32 | |
| TEM | Rat tibia, cancellous metaphysis | 228 ± 11 | |
|
| |||
| Reference | Method | Tissue | # canaliculi per lacuna |
|
| |||
| Sugawara et al. (2005) | CLSM | Chick calvaria, E16 days old | 52.7 ± 5.7 |
| Beno et al. (2006) | Estimated from (Remaggi et al. 1998) light microscopy data | Chick | 54 |
| Rabbit | 60 | ||
| Bovine | 85 | ||
| Horse | 115 | ||
| Dog | 81 | ||
| Human | 41 | ||
| Schneider et al. (2011) | FIB/SEM | Mouse (B6) femoral mid-diaphysis | 78 |
| Sugawara et al. (2011) | CLSM | Chick calvaria, E16 days old | 52.7 ± 6.4 |
| Mouse calvaria (B6), E17 days old | 49.7 ± 9.7 | ||
| Sharma et al. (2012) | CLSM | Rat tibia, primary canaliculi | 83.9 ± 14 |
| Rat tibia, secondary canaliculi | 387 ± 34 | ||
μCT micro-computed tomography, CLSM confocal laser scanning microscopy, SR-μCT synchrotron radiation-based micro-CT, TEM transmission electron microscopy, AFM atomic force microscopy, FIB/SEM focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy