Table 1. Association of socio-demographic profiles with depression among participants.
| Profile of the participants | Presence of depression | Absence of depression | Total (n) | Chi square value | df | p-value |
| (PHQ-9≥10) | (PHQ-9<10) | |||||
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Gender (n = 1460) | ||||||
| Male | 66 (12.1) | 479 (87.9) | 545 | 3.180 | 1 | 0.075 |
| Female | 84 (9.2) | 831 (90.8) | 915 | |||
| Ethnicity (n = 1460) | ||||||
| Malay | 109 (10.8) | 900 (89.2) | 1009 | 9.487 | 3 | *0.023 |
| Chinese | 17 (13.8) | 106 (86.2) | 123 | |||
| Indian | 18 (6.1) | 276 (93.9) | 294 | |||
| Others | 6 (17.6) | 28 (82.4) | 34 | |||
| Religion (n = 1460) | ||||||
| Islam | 114 (11.1) | 915 (88.9) | 1029 | 10.486 | 5 | 0.063 |
| Buddha | 11 (13.8) | 69 (86.2) | 80 | |||
| Hindu | 13 (5.3) | 233 (94.7) | 246 | |||
| Christian | 12 (12.9) | 81(87.1) | 93 | |||
| Others | 0 (0.0) | 7 (100.0) | 7 | |||
| None | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100.0) | 5 | |||
| Marital status (n = 1460) | ||||||
| Single | 71 (14.0) | 437 (86.0) | 508 | 23.573 | 4 | **0.001 |
| Married | 69 (7.8) | 821 (92.2) | 890 | |||
| Widowed | 6 (11.5) | 46 (88.5) | 52 | |||
| Divorced | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 7 | |||
| Separated | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 3 | |||
| Education level (n = 1442) | ||||||
| Primary education | 18 (14.6) | 105 (85.4) | 123 | 2.857 | 2 | 0.240 |
| Secondary education | 73 (10.3) | 639 (89.7) | 712 | |||
| Tertiary education | 58 (9.6) | 549 (90.4) | 607 | |||
| Employment status (n = 1436) | ||||||
| Employed | 65 (8.8) | 675 (91.2) | 740 | 2.093 | 2 | 0.351 |
| Unemployed | 70 (11.1) | 562 (88.9) | 632 | |||
| Pension | 7 (10.9) | 57 (89.1) | 64 |
*significant at p<0.05 **significant at p<0.001