Figure 2. Transcript regulation of M. sexta CYPs in response to ingestion of nicotine and nicotine oxides.
(a) CYP6B46 [(mean± SE) F4, 19 = 94.5, P≤0.05, n = 5] (b) CYP4M1 [(mean± SE) F4, 20 = 9.5, P≤0.05, n = 5] and (c) CYP4M3 [(mean± SE) F4, 20 = 11.1, P≤0.05, n = 5] transcript levels (relative to ubiquitin) in midguts of 48 h old first-instar M. sexta larvae fed artificial diet containing water (control) or 0.1% (fresh mass) nicotine, NNO, cotinine or CNO. Asterisks indicate significant differences (P≤0.05) by one-way ANOVA.