Table 2.
Factor loading for the HOPE obtained from the exploratory factor analysis*
| Items (number) | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | Factor 6 | Factor 7 | Factor 8 | Factor 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I often set exercise goals (1) |
.136 |
.089 |
-.003 |
.785 |
.094 |
.039 |
.080 |
-.051 |
.056 |
| I usually have more than one major exercise goal (2) |
.087 |
.104 |
-.075 |
.787 |
.072 |
.163 |
.053 |
.101 |
.092 |
| 2. My exercise goals help to increase my motivation for doing exercise (3) |
.190 |
.019 |
.102 |
.780 |
.086 |
.053 |
.105 |
.095 |
.147 |
| I tend to break more difficult exercise goals down into a series of smaller goals (4) |
.112 |
.076 |
-.036 |
.680 |
-.033 |
.247 |
-.097 |
.057 |
.124 |
| I usually keep tract of my progress in meeting my goals (5) |
.216 |
.002 |
.063 |
.506 |
-.046 |
.251 |
.004 |
.033 |
.565 |
| I have developed a series of steps for reaching my exercise goals (6) |
.123 |
.080 |
.014 |
.356 |
-.030 |
.058 |
-.002 |
.142 |
.673 |
| I usually achieve the exercise goals I set for myself (7) |
.044 |
.143 |
-.092 |
.020 |
.123 |
.123 |
-.103 |
.003 |
.489 |
| If I do not reach an exercise goal, I analyze what went wrong (8) |
.103 |
.043 |
-.035 |
.164 |
.148 |
.354 |
.076 |
.086 |
.652 |
| I schedule all events in my life around my exercise routine (9) |
.081 |
.271 |
.000 |
.145 |
-.030 |
.681 |
.041 |
.124 |
.219 |
| I schedule my exercise at specific times each week (10) |
.038 |
.187 |
.010 |
.294 |
.100 |
.752 |
.030 |
.076 |
.062 |
| I plan my weekly exercise schedule (11) |
-.040 |
.139 |
-.024 |
.255 |
.101 |
.798 |
.055 |
.157 |
.059 |
| I write my planned activity sessions in an appointment book or calendar (12) |
-.047 |
.125 |
-.018 |
-.040 |
-.058 |
.642 |
.068 |
.053 |
.318 |
| my chances of getting osteoporosis are high (13) |
.090 |
.079 |
.894 |
.039 |
.142 |
-.118 |
-.114 |
.005 |
.000 |
| Because of my body build, I am more likely to develop osteoporosis (14) |
.069 |
-.022 |
.845 |
.001 |
.230 |
.043 |
-.075 |
.044 |
.060 |
| My family history makes it more likely that I will get osteoporosis (15) |
.059 |
.039 |
.905 |
.000 |
.113 |
-.123 |
-.054 |
-.008 |
-.056 |
| It is extremely likely that I will get osteoporosis (16) |
.069 |
-.035 |
.647 |
-.039 |
.186 |
.153 |
-.125 |
.041 |
-.110 |
| If I had osteoporosis I would be crippled (17) |
.085 |
-.036 |
.250 |
.050 |
.679 |
.145 |
-.177 |
.077 |
.027 |
| It would be very costly if I got osteoporosis (18) |
.256 |
.049 |
.151 |
.056 |
.874 |
-.074 |
-.079 |
.007 |
.076 |
| When I think about osteoporosis I get depressed (19) |
.268 |
.042 |
.146 |
.059 |
.852 |
-.073 |
-.090 |
-.010 |
.086 |
| It would be very serious if I got osteoporosis (20) |
-.046 |
-.040 |
.213 |
.066 |
.724 |
.111 |
-.194 |
.109 |
.033 |
| Regular exercise prevents problems that would happen from osteoporosis (21) |
.785 |
.171 |
.117 |
.086 |
.169 |
-.013 |
-.055 |
.147 |
.048 |
| Regular exercise helps to build strong (22) |
.892 |
.178 |
.054 |
.125 |
.107 |
.023 |
-.044 |
.046 |
.067 |
| Exercising to prevent osteoporosis also improves the way my body looks (23) |
.815 |
.216 |
.016 |
.192 |
.158 |
-.048 |
-.070 |
.188 |
.050 |
| Regular exercise cuts down the chances of broken bones (24) |
.838 |
.181 |
.032 |
.180 |
.081 |
.014 |
-.067 |
.049 |
.038 |
| I feel good about myself when I exercise to prevent osteoporosis (25) |
.615 |
.224 |
.171 |
.091 |
.056 |
.053 |
.015 |
.198 |
.270 |
| I feel like I am not strong enough to exercise regularly (26) |
-.027 |
.068 |
-.228 |
.098 |
-.137 |
.165 |
.584 |
.008 |
-.186 |
| I have no place where I can exercise (27) |
-.006 |
-.106 |
-.106 |
-.002 |
-.177 |
.199 |
.671 |
-.145 |
-.041 |
| My spouse or family discourages me from exercising (28) |
.038 |
-.189 |
.024 |
.001 |
-.155 |
-.023 |
.603 |
-.016 |
-.144 |
| Exercising regularly makes me uncomfortable (29) |
-.054 |
.057 |
-.163 |
-.006 |
-.014 |
.007 |
.755 |
.003 |
.165 |
| Exercising regularly upsets my every day routine (30) |
-.176 |
.179 |
.030 |
.084 |
-.045 |
-.115 |
.777 |
.055 |
.100 |
| I can begin a new or different exercise program (31) |
.184 |
.800 |
-.021 |
.019 |
-.034 |
.050 |
-.077 |
.013 |
.066 |
| I can change my exercise habit (32) |
.257 |
.748 |
.078 |
.087 |
.058 |
.109 |
-.138 |
.087 |
-.004 |
| I do exercise even if they are difficult (33) |
.184 |
.802 |
.024 |
.049 |
.025 |
.196 |
.135 |
.094 |
.092 |
| I do exercise at least 30 minutes each day (34) |
.087 |
.670 |
-.034 |
.081 |
.012 |
.150 |
-.011 |
.134 |
.164 |
| I do the type of exercises that I am supposed to do (35) |
.177 |
.690 |
.023 |
.103 |
-.042 |
.177 |
.109 |
.229 |
.013 |
| I look for new information related to health (36) |
.157 |
.063 |
.068 |
.051 |
.042 |
.100 |
.008 |
.799 |
.083 |
| Keeping healthy is very important for me (37) |
.425 |
.099 |
-.033 |
.124 |
.031 |
.144 |
-.043 |
.623 |
-.092 |
| I try to discover health problems early (38) |
.156 |
.267 |
.062 |
.084 |
.133 |
.028 |
-.062 |
.751 |
.059 |
| I have a regular check-up even when I am not sick (39) |
-.037 |
.209 |
-.055 |
-.031 |
-.035 |
.305 |
-.022 |
.524 |
.332 |
| Eigenvalues |
8.259 |
4.842 |
2.820 |
2.430 |
2.104 |
1.608 |
1.522 |
1.212 |
1.148 |
| % of variance | 21.177 | 12.416 | 7.231 | 6.230 | 5.396 | 4.123 | 3.904 | 3.108 | 2.942 |
*Factor loading equal or greater than 0.4 was considered acceptable.
Factor 1: Benefit, Factor 2: Self-efficacy, Factor 3: Susceptibility, Factor 4: Goal setting, Factor 5: Seriousness, Factor 6: Planning, Factor 7: Barrier, Factor 8: Health motivation, Factor 9: Monitoring.