Table 1. Examples of histopathological validation and clinical application of T1 mapping techniques.
| CMR technique | Histopathological validation | Clinical application | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-contrast | ShMOLLI | Correlation with biopsy-quantified fibrosis pre aortic valve replacement (38) | Detection of cardiac amyloidosis (39); Identification and assessment of Anderson-Fabry disease (40); Detection of underlying disease processes in HCM and DCM beyond those assessed by DE-CMR (41) |
| Post-contrast | Look-Locker | Right ventricular biopsy in a heterogeneous cardiomyopathy population (36); small-animal model of left ventricular hypertrophy (20) |
Left ventricular fibrosis in HCM (42); Reduced T1 time in myotonic dystrophy (43); Predicts positive left ventricular remodeling in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (44) |
| MOLLI | Right ventricular biopsy in cardiac transplant recipients (35) | Left atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation (45); Extracellular space expansion in cardiac amyloidosis (46); Discrimination of normal and diffusely diseased myocardium (HCM/DCM) (47); Persistent left ventricular structural and function abnormalities in tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy post ablation (48); Detection of subclinical myocardial involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (49) | |
| Modified Look-Locker saturation recovery | Relationship between T1 values and diastolic dysfunction in early T2DM (17) | ||
| Saturation-recovery single-shot acquisition (SASHA) | Identification of Fabry’s disease independent of LVH (50); Marker of ventricular remodeling suggestive of fibrosis in anthracycline cardiotoxicity (51) | ||
| ECV mapping | Correlation with histological CVF in explanted hearts (52) | Quantification of ECV in myocardial infarction, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, remote remodeling and increased age (21); ECV doubled in ischemic scar compared with normal myocardium (53) | |
| Volume of distribution | EQ-CMR | Correlation with CVF on biopsy in severe AS (37) | Variability in ECV with gender and a number of cardiac diseases (Anderson-Fabry, HT, DCM, HCM, AS, amyloidosis, MI) (40) |
| Mathematical modeling | ECV increases with age and extent of myocardial fibrosis in mice hearts (54) | Aldosterone is associated with myocardial extracellular matrix expansion in T2DM (55); Myocardial ECV is increased in HCM sarcomere mutation carriers even in the absence of LVH (56); Quantification of ECM expansion in infiltrative heart disease (57) | |
AS, aortic stenosis; CVF, collagen volume fraction; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; DE-CMR, delayed gadolinium enhancement imaging; ECM, extracellular matrix; ECV, extracellular volume; EQ-CMR, Equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; HT, hypertension; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; MOLLI, modified Look Locker inversion recovery; MI, myocardial infarction; ShMOLLI, shortened modified Look Locker inversion recovery; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.