Predicted and experimental relative expression levels of 15 key regulators, where Twist1, Snail1 and Snail2 correspond to the fibroblast regulators (FBRs) and Nkx2–5, Tbx5, Gata4 and Mef2c correspond to the cardiomyocyte regulators (CMRs), respectively. (a) Dominant states of pluripotent reprogramming predicted by coarse-graining PR-ESN. (b) Dominant states of direct TD predicted by coarse-graining TD-ESN. (c) The evolution of gene expression patterns during mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) reprogramming to iPSC (data from GSE19023), for 0 day post induction (dpi) (MEF state, top panel), 3 dpi (pre-iPSC (PP) state, middle panel) and the final mouse iPSC (MiPSC) state (bottom panel), respectively. (d) The gene expression patterns of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (HiPSC, top panel) differentiation to CM (bottom panel; data from GSE28191). (Online version in colour.)