Table 2.

Fit of single-rate and two-rate models of trait change for (a) Carnivora, (b) Euungulata and (c) Lagomorpha. AET, actual evapotranspiration; M1, length of lower carnassials; PM4, length of upper carnassials; CSL, maximum diameter of upper canine; ZYG, breadth of skull at widest part of zygomatic arches; SH (skull height), height of occipital triangle; CBL, condylo-basal length; SW, skull width.

traitb	LL (single-rate)	LL (two-rate)c	within-hESU ML rate	between-hESU ML rate	within: between hESU ratio
(a) log adult body mass	111.4	215.7***	0.20	0.0023	89.2
litter size	−254.2	−124.5***	1.41	0.0032	435.1
Log AET (mean)	182.1	336.3***	0.13	0.00011	1200.3
latitude–longitudea	−1049463	−66548.1***	7762.2	2017.6	3.85
M1	608.9	676.2***	0.015	0.00065	23.6
PM4	547.5	619.4***	0.022	0.00057	38.1
CSL	436.4	549.6***	0.037	0.00018	202.3
Log SH	557.7	662.8***	0.020	0.00014	142.8
Log SW	691.3	711.7***	0.014	0.00035	38.8
Log ZYG	358.8	462.6***	0.042	0.00024	175.2
Log CBL	555.2	655.7***	0.020	0.00021	94.3
(b) log adult body massb	536.3	594.5***	0.040	0.068	0.59
litter size	631.0	724.4***	0.029	0.000060	475.1
diet breadth	77.3	202.1***	0.25	0.0013	191.5
Log AET (mean)	475.6	510.3***	0.029	0.010	2.79
latitude–longitudea	−384498.6	−3371.8***	558113.9	87640.7	6.37
(c) log adult body mass	88.0	97.3***	0.049	0.023	2.1
litter size	−81.1	−29.7***	1.84	0.00000095	1931478.0
Log AET (mean)	59.4	104.9***	0.14	0.0000013	107680.7
latitude–longitudea	−702428.2	−71277.8***	9356.5	1443.6	6.5

^aLatitudinal midrange and longitudinal midrange were fitted together using custom scripts modified from the ‘ace’ function of ape.

^bLower rates within than between hESUs were found for body mass in euungulates (shown in bold).

^cSignificance of the alternative model is denoted by asterisks (***p ≤ 0.001).