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. 2014 May 1;31(9):819–833. doi: 10.1089/neu.2013.3082

FIG. 5.

FIG. 5.

Hindlimb kinematics. Trainers did not touch or assist the animals during locomotor assessments (except to position the paws in a plantar position before the treadmill belt started). (a) Maxtraq diagram showing the ilium-hip-ankle (IHA) and hip-ankle-toe (HAT) angles. (b) Maximum and minimum (peaks and troughs) mean angular amplitudes of the hip and ankle joints at the completion of the study. Trained animals demonstrate significantly greater mean ankle flexion (trained HAT 92.03±10.64; non-trained HAT 128.46±41.34, p=0.041). (c, d) Stick figure representation of two animals with comparable Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores from the trained (BBB=12) and non-trained (BBB=11) groups at the completion of the study. Trained animals had larger mean angular excursions at both the hip and ankle (trained excursions: HAT 76.95±25.64, IHA 35.25±9.98; non-trained excursions: HAT 61.73±28.06, IHA 27.20±9.90). (e, f) Phase relationship of stepping via the hip and ankle angular pattern of peaks and troughs (or extension and flexion). The trained animal demonstrates a greater range of motion in the ankle (e vs. f, light gray trace).