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Serial photographs show the surgical procedure. After shaving, the periosteum and soft tissue were carefully retracted and two 0.9 mm K-wires (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) were fixed to the tibia. K-wires were clamped bilaterally with the author's own-designed external fixator (U&I, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). An 8 mm defect of the right tibia was created with a cutting burr, and 150 μL of CMC/BioC, CMC/BioC/BMP-2 (0.1 mg), or CMC/BioC/BMP-2 (0.5 mg) was injected into the defect, respectively.
