Table 1.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Patient Groups

Inclusion criteria for SWL & fURS patients

1. Patients undergoing SWL or fURS with holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser treatment for a stone(s) located in the kidney

2. Radiopaque stone

3. Able and willing to give informed consent

Inclusion criteria for nonstone volunteers

1. No history of kidney or stone disease

2. Asymptomatic

3. No indwelling ureteral stent

4. Willing to provide medical history information

5. Able and willing to give informed consent

Exclusion criteria for SWL & fURS patients

1. Active urinary tract infection

2. Urinary tract obstruction causing hydronephrosis

3. Use of radiologic contrast for treatment guidance

4. Chronic renal failure (eGFR<30, serum creatinine >200 for ≥3 months)

5. Bilateral SWL or URS

6. Ureteral stone

SWL=shockwave lithotripsy; fURS=flexible ureteroscopy; eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate; URS=ureteroscopy.