Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics and exposure data for the two study populations a) elderly and b) adolescents.1
| Variable | Distribution | Rs2 Motor coordination | Rs2 Odor | Rs2 Sway Velocity CE | Rs2 Tremor Intensity L/R | Rs with Tremor Centre frequency L/R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a) Elderly | ||||||
| Age3 (Y) | 69 (63–80) | −0.11 | −0.17* | 0.22** | −0.018 / −0.079 | −0.084 / −0.15* |
| Women/ Men (N) | 140/115 | 0.14* | −0.17* | 0.34** | 0.30** / 0.36** | 0.27** / 0.26** |
| Smoking (N:Never/Yes /Ex) | 172/20/63 | 0.091 | −0.078 | 0.098 | 0.12 / 0.064 | 0.02 / 0.046 |
| Alcohol intake3 (g/day) | 12.8 (0–205) | 0.014 | −0.075 | 0.21* | 0.15* / 0.18* | 0.11 / 0.11 |
| MnS3 (ppm) | 786 (313–1724) | −0.13* | −0.093 | −0.048 | −0.11 / −0.035 | −0.027 / 0.026 |
| MnB3 (μg/L) | 9 (3.6–22) | −0.002 | −0.027 | 0.028 | −0.086 / −0.047 | 0.030 / −0.11 |
| MnU3 (μg/L) | 0.14 (0.06–12) | −0.048 | −0.017 | 0.022 | −0.080 / −0.15* | −0.12 / −0.089 |
| Motor coordination3 (N of correct tasks) | 11 (5–18) | 0.17* | −0.037 | 0.048 / 0.062 | 0.056 / 0.072 | |
| Odor identification3 (N of correct recognitions) | 9 (0–12) | −0.11 | −0.027 / −0.017 | 0.002 / −0.030 | ||
| Sway Velocity CE3 | 15 (3–74) | 0.27** / 0.35** | 0.12 / 0.18* | |||
| b) Adolescents | ||||||
| Age3 (Y) | 12 (11–14) | 0.11* | 0.20** | −0.083 | −0.17* / −0.14* | 0.11 / 0.095 |
| Girls/ Boys (N) | 153/158 | −0.048 | −0.16* | 0.22** | 0.26** / 0.29** | 0.11 / 0.16* |
| MnS3 (ppm) | 529 (160–1730) | −0.20** | −0.17* | 0.065 | −0.066 / −0.027 | −0.021 / 0.027 |
| MnB3 (μg/L) | 11 (4–24) | 0.020 | 0.082 | −0.071 | 0.062 / 0.065 | −0.057 / −0.010 |
| MnU3 (μg/L) | 0.08 (0.05 – 5.4) | −0.10 | −0.022 | −0.075 | −0.098 / −0.083 | −0.095 / −0.018 |
| Smoking (N) (Yes/No) | 3/3014 | |||||
| Alcohol intake (N) (Yes/No) | 9/295 | 0.006 | −0.098 | 0.001 | −0.038 / −0.053 | 0.13* / 0.074 |
| Motor coordination3 (N of correct tasks) | 13 (6–21) | 0.080 | −0.010 | −0.069 / 0.009 | 0.11 / −0.014 | |
| Odor identification1 (N of correct recognitions) | 10 (4–12) | −0.032 | −0.048 / −0.074 | 0.068 / 0.093 | ||
| Sway Velocity CE3 | 14 (2–43) | 0.27** / 0.24 | −0.051 / −0.051 | |||
1
Abbreviations: MnS; manganese in soil, MnB; Mn in blood, MnU; Mn in urine adjusted for mean density 1.020, CE; Closed Eyes.
2
Spearman r correlations (Rs) between characteristic variables and Mn measurements on the one hand and neurophysiological testing on the other:
*
denotes p<0.05;
**
p<0.001.
3
Median and range are given.
4
too few smokers to calculate correlation