Table 1.

Physiological parameters of salamander rods and cones.

Cell Type	rmax	i0.5	tp	Ti	λmax	%A1
Hatchling
M Rod	17±9, 2	3±1, 2	631, 1	1459, 1	512±4, 2	50±25, 2
S Rod	4, 1	11, 1	530, 1		428, 1	94, 1
UV Cone	4±1, 7	291±119, 8	112±27, 2	135±53, 2	361*	100*
S Cone	3±0.4, 8	59±11, 7	674±100, 2		429±0, 4	82±10, 4
L Cone Single	4±1, 4	602±160, 4	181±34, 2	494±46, 2	563±0.2, 5	92±1, 5
Larval
M Rod	31±3, 18	4±0.5, 17	610±19, 9	1470±76, 9	516±3, 9	28±8, 9
S Rod	11±1, 22	51±9, 26	310±18, 21	686±55, 21	431±1, 17	43±8, 17
UV Cone	4±0.5, 11	1344±295, 9	109±9, 7	210±26, 6	361*	100*
S Cone	6±1, 10	349±57, 14	301±24, 10	759±86, 10	434±1, 6	23±13, 7
L Cone Single	8±1, 11	959±163, 13	169±16, 6	512±119, 6	584±4, 12	49±5, 12
L Cone Double	10±1, 24	1098±129, 24	188±15, 9	534±66, 9	586±2, 25	51±3, 24
Terrestrial
M Rod	27±2, 2	3±1, 2	592, 1		505±2, 2	82±10, 2
S Rod	16±2, 12	17±5, 9	529±61, 8	1405±165, 8	429±1, 12	73±10, 12
UV Cone	8±1, 3	701±370, 3	299±93, 3	545±369, 2	361*	100*
L Cone Single	5±1, 4	1812±551, 4	184±39, 3	380±161, 3	568±4, 3	73±12, 3
L Cone Double	7±1, 5	383±78, 5	242, 1	481, 1	576±3, 5	64±3, 3

Values given as mean ± SEM, number of cells analyzed. r_max, is the maximal response amplitude. i_0.5, is the flash strength at the λ_max that elicited a half maximal response. Kinetics of the single photon response were determined from dim flash responses whose mean amplitudes were less than or equal to 0.15r_max. The time-to-peak, t_p, was measured from mid-flash to the peak of the response. The integration time, T_i, was calculated as the integral of the dim flash response divided by the response amplitude. Values for λ_max were taken from fits of spectral sensitivity with eq. 1 (see Methods).

^*for UV cones, the sensitivity maximum was set to 361 nm and the %A₁ was assigned to be 100% (see Methods).