. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychosomatics. 2013 Oct 23;55(5):491–499. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2013.10.004

Table 2.

Hierarchical Linear Regression Predicting Pain Level as a Result of Pain from Childhood Abuse and Adult PTSD Symptoms

	Stand.β	T	P	R	R² change	F change	P change
Predicting Reported Pain Level
Step 1:				0.36	.13	24.01	<.001^**
Age	0.29	8.61	<.001
Sex	0.06	1.83	.07
Race	−0.02	−0.54	.59
Education level	−0.04	−1.03	.30
Negative affect	0.22	6.64	<.001
Step 2:				0.37	0.01	5.48	.02^*
Child Abuse	0.08	2.34	.02
Step 3:				0.41	0.03	29.94	<.001^**
Child abuse	0.03	0.71	0.28
PTSD symptoms	0.22	5.47	<.001
Step 4:				0.41	0.00	0.01	.97
Child abuse	0.03	0.70	.48
PTSD symptoms	0.24	5.95	<.001
Emotion dysregulation	0.01	0.04	0.97

^**

p ≤ .01;

≤.05;

Age, sex, race, education, and negative affect were controlled.