Table 2.

Summary of maternal and intergenerational effects

Key areas	Maternal exposure - possible consequences	Intergenerational associations - increased risk of
Violence	Domestic violence	Congenital malformations
	Mental illness/physical trauma	Low birth weight
	Rape	Perinatal morbidity and mortality
	Trafficking and prostitution	Premature birth
		Altered physical and mental development
		Neglect and abuse
Mental health	PTSD	Impaired growth
	Depression	Poor educational attainment
	Anxiety	Neuroendocrine and immune system modulation
	Psychosomatic disorders	Infection
	Drug and alcohol abuse	Mental illness
		Higher suicide rates
		Social functioning impairment
Infectious diseases and health systems	Increased transmission of infectious diseases	Fetal or infant mortality
	Malnutrition	Disability
	Obstetric complications	Cardiovascular disease
	Increase in maternal mortality	Congenital malformations
		Impaired cognitive development
Nutrition	Malnutrition including micronutrient deficiencies	Neonatal mortality
	Obstetric complications	Low birth weight
	Maternal mortality	Malnutrition/under-nutrition
		Impaired growth and development
		Educational under-attainment
		Congenital abnormalities
		Non-communicable diseases
		Future reproductive capacity