Table 2.
Determinants | Decreases risk | Increases risk | Moderators |
---|---|---|---|
Nutrition 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
Fruit/vegetables Dietary fibre Whole grains Food variety Seafood Healthy eating patterns |
High total energy High energy density Excess processed foods High GI foods Sat./trans fats Sugars Salt Excessive alcohol Sugared soft drinks Processed/red meat |
Binge eating/drinking Social/holiday eating “Restrained” eating Feasting Culture Habits |
| |||
(In)Activity 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 |
Aerobic exercise Resistance exercise Stretching Stability Leisure activity Incidental activity |
Sitting/sedentary work Overexercise |
Fear of crime Fatigue/laziness Discomfort/injury/ Early experiences Energy-saving devices Obesity Habits |
| |||
Stress, anxiety, and depression 1, 3, 4, 9 |
Exercise/fitness Healthy nutrition Perceived control Self-efficacy Coping skills Meaning |
Overload “Learned helplessness” Early trauma Boredom Caffeine/drug use |
Peer/social/pressure Uncontrollable thoughts Worry Fear of the unknown Obesity |
| |||
Technology-induced-pathology 7, 10 |
Motor vehicle use Machinery TV/small screens Repetitive actions Noise pollution Processed foods Weapons of war |
Peer/social pressure Legislation/regulation Habits |
|
| |||
Inadequate sleep 1, 3, 6, 10 |
REM sleep Bed-time Hypersomnia Nutrition Exercise/fitness |
Stress Entertainment Sleep disorders Overheating Interactive media Alcohol/drugs |
Activity before sleep Stress Anxiety/depression Obesity habits |
| |||
Environment 2, 3, 6, 9, 10 |
Political/economic structure Recreational space “Green” exposure Infrastructure for walking and cycling Plant-based nutrition |
Passive influences Second-hand smoke Particle pollution Endocrine disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) Home chemicals Drug-immunity (e.g., antibiotics) |
Social proof “Tipping point” Social/peer pressure Cultural influences Habit |
| |||
Occupation 1, 2, 8, 10 |
Social justice Work equality Security of employment |
Work stress Shift-work Hazard exposure Conflict |
Peer pressure Bullying |
| |||
Drugs, smoking, and alcohol 1–10 |
Appropriate medication | Recreational drugs Cigarette smoking Alcohol use Iatrogenesis |
Stress, anxiety, and depression Peer/social pressure Addiction Binge drinking Habit |
| |||
Over- and underexposure 1, 2, 3 |
Sunlight light stimulation |
Sunlight (excess) Sunlight (inadequate) Low humidity/ asbestos Radiation |
Peer/social pressure Cultural influences Habit |
| |||
Relationships 1, 3, 6 |
Companionship Peer support Maternal support in childhood “Love” |
Interpersonal conflict Loneliness Lack of support |
Peer pressure Early experience |
| |||
Social factors 1–10 |
Trust Income security Market regulation SE status Education |
Inequality Poverty Deregulated markets |
Stress Bullying Cognitive processes Peer/social pressure |