Table 1.
Sample Characteristics: NHANES III Mortality Follow-Up Study: 1988 to 2006.
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | All Ages (n = 3,082) |
40–64 Years (n = 1,674) |
≥65 Years (n = 1,408) |
All Ages (n = 3,647) |
40–64 Years (n = 2,039) |
≥65 Years (n = 1,608) |
| Number of deaths (death rate/1,000 person-years) | ||||||
| All causes | 1,434 (28.7) | 362 (12.2) | 1,072 (73.4) | 1,340 (24.7) | 305 (9.8) | 1,035 (55.5) |
| Circulatory diseasesa | 648 (12.6) | 151 (5.0) | 497 (34.0) | 626 (10.8) | 99 (2.9) | 527 (27.2) |
| Malignant neoplasmsb | 346 (7.7) | 101 (4.1) | 245 (17.7) | 256 (5.3) | 110 (3.7) | 146 (8.4) |
| Social Network Index | ||||||
| 0 or 1 | 18.0% | 18.6% | 16.8% | 16.2% | 16.6% | 15.7% |
| 2 | 32.4% | 33.8% | 29.6% | 31.2% | 30.3% | 32.8% |
| 3 | 33.5% | 33.2% | 33.9% | 37.8% | 38.0% | 37.6% |
| 4 | 16.2% | 14.3% | 19.7% | 14.7% | 15.2% | 13.9% |
| Chronic inflammation C-reactive protein (mg/dL), mean (SD) | .45 (.70) | .40 (.60) | .53 (.84) | .53 (.77) | .52 (.68) | .56 (.89) |
| <1 (normal) | 92.5% | 93.6% | 90.5% | 87.6% | 87.5% | 87.7% |
| 1–3 (low chronic) | 6.0% | 5.3% | 7.2% | 10.6% | 11.2% | 9.6% |
| >3 (high chronic) | 1.5% | 1.1% | 2.4% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 2.7% |
| Plasma fibrinogen (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 301.19 (85.00) | 289.57 (81.28) | 323.44 (87.53) | 314.11 (84.17) | 307.07 (83.61) | 325.15 (83.87) |
| Serum albumin (µg/mL), mean (SD) | 4.16 (.33) | 4.20 (.33) | 4.08 (.32) | 4.03 (.32) | 4.06 (.31) | 3.99 (.32) |
| <4.0 (higher risk) | 35.0% | 29.5% | 45.7% | 52.0% | 48.0% | 58.0% |
| Inflammation burden index mean (SD) | .60 (.71) | .48 (.65) | .81 (.77) | .84 (.74) | .76 (.71) | .97 (.77) |
| 0 | 15.5% | 19.2% | 8.3% | 6.5% | 7.9% | 4.3% |
| 1 | 64.5% | 65.7% | 62.1% | 65.3% | 67.6% | 61.8% |
| 2 | 18.7% | 14.2% | 27.5% | 26.6% | 23.6% | 31.3% |
| 3 | 1.4% | 1.0% | 2.2% | 1.6% | .9% | 2.7% |
| Demographic and social factors | ||||||
| Race | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 80.5% | 76.8% | 87.4% | 79.1% | 74.2% | 86.8% |
| Non-Hispanic black | 8.8% | 10.0% | 6.7% | 10.6% | 12.7% | 7.2% |
| Mexican American | 4.0% | 5.0% | 2.1% | 3.6% | 4.7% | 1.8% |
| Other | 6.7% | 8.2% | 3.8% | 6.8% | 8.5% | 4.2% |
| Education (years), mean (SD) | 11.43 (3.19) | 11.93 (3.47) | 10.81 (3.65) | 11.55 (3.57) | 11.76 (3.06) | 10.92 (3.33) |
| ≤12 | 66.7% | 62.5% | 74.8% | 73.5% | 71.4% | 76.7% |
| 13–15 | 15.7% | 18.0% | 11.1% | 14.7% | 15.0% | 14.2% |
| ≥16 | 17.7% | 19.5% | 14.1% | 11.8% | 13.6% | 9.1% |
| Family income ($), mean (SD) | 28,239.75 (13,668.33) | 30,345.15 (13,329.57) | 22,670.83 (14,857.78) | 26,104.64 (14,551.03) | 28,296.63 (13,918.33) | 24,210.91 (13,408.01) |
| Health behaviors | ||||||
| Cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Never | 25.8% | 26.0% | 25.4% | 55.6% | 51.0% | 62.7% |
| Former | 47.2% | 40.2% | 60.5% | 24.0% | 21.8% | 27.6% |
| Current | 27.1% | 33.8% | 14.1% | 20.4% | 27.2% | 9.7% |
| Alcohol use (drinks per day), mean (SD) | .68 (1.46) | .77 (1.55) | .50 (1.25) | .21 (.79) | .24 (.94) | .15 (.45) |
| None | 48.0% | 43.0% | 57.7% | 70.0% | 64.1% | 79.2% |
| ≤1 | 33.9% | 36.2% | 29.4% | 24.8% | 29.7% | 17.1% |
| 1–3 | 12.4% | 14.0% | 9.5% | 4.6% | 5.2% | 3.6% |
| >3 | 5.7% | 6.8% | 3.5% | .7% | 1.0% | .1% |
| Physical activity (any) | ||||||
| None | 20.0% | 19.3% | 21.2% | 33.2% | 31.5% | 35.8% |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.35 (4.62) | 27.60 (4.77) | 26.87 (4.28) | 27.56 (6.44) | 28.12 (6.94) | 26.67 (5.47) |
| ≥30 | 24.4% | 25.9% | 21.6% | 29.6% | 33.4% | 23.8% |
| Morbidity and health status | ||||||
| Number of chronic conditions,c mean (SD) | 1.35 (1.46) | 1.11 (1.33) | 1.81 (1.58) | 1.47 (1.43) | 1.19 (1.27) | 1.91 (1.55) |
| Self-rated health Excellent and very good | 40.8% | 43.9% | 34.9% | 39.6% | 40.4% | 38.3% |
| Good | 36.6% | 37.9% | 34.2% | 34.9% | 35.8% | 33.6% |
| Fair | 17.7% | 14.6% | 23.6% | 20.2% | 19.3% | 21.7% |
| Poor | 4.9% | 3.6% | 7.3% | 5.3% | 4.5% | 6.5% |
Note: Descriptive statistics of covariates are weighted to adjust for survey design effects.
a
International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, codes I00 to I78 and I80 to I99, including cardiovascular (coronary, hypertensive, and rheumatic heart diseases) and cerebrovascular diseases.
b
International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, codes C00 to C97, including all cancers, with lung cancer being the most prevalent
c
Includes 14 self-reported chronic illnesses: angina, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, emphysema, heart attack, heart failure, cancer, stroke, hip fracture, osteoporosis, spine fracture, and wrist fracture.