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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Sep;167(9):836–844. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.455

Table 4. Adjusted Associations of Breastfeeding Duration With Cognitive Test Scores.

Any breastfeeding to 12 months Exclusive breastfeeding* to 6 months

Points per month breastfed and 95% confidence interval
Age 3 years
 PPVT-III 0.21 (0.03, 0.38) 0.50 (0.11, 0.89)
 WRAVMA
 Drawing 0.01 (-0.15, 0.16) -0.12 (-0.47, 0.22)
 Pegboard 0.09 (-0.06, 0.24) -0.03 (-0.37, 0.31)
 Matching 0.09 (-0.10, 0.27) 0.00 (-0.42, 0.41)
 Total 0.08 (-0.07, 0.23) -0.07 (-0.40, 0.27)
Age 7 years
 KBIT verbal 0.35 (0.16, 0.53) 0.80 (0.38, 1.22)
 KBIT non-verbal 0.29 (0.05, 0.54) 0.58 (0.01, 1.14)
 WRAVMA drawing -0.08 (-0.33, 0.18) -0.05 (-0.62, 0.53)
 WRAML visual memory 0.04 (-0.02, 0.11) 0.12 (-0.03, 0.27)

Estimates are adjusted for child age, sex, fetal growth, gestational age, race/ethnicity, and primary language; maternal age, parity, smoking status, IQ, depression, employment, and child care at 6 months post-partum; and parental education level, annual household income, and HOME-SF score.

*

No solid foods or non-breast milk liquids (except water)