Table 4. Adjusted Associations of Breastfeeding Duration With Cognitive Test Scores.
Any breastfeeding to 12 months | Exclusive breastfeeding* to 6 months | |
---|---|---|
| ||
Points per month breastfed and 95% confidence interval | ||
Age 3 years | ||
PPVT-III | 0.21 (0.03, 0.38) | 0.50 (0.11, 0.89) |
WRAVMA | ||
Drawing | 0.01 (-0.15, 0.16) | -0.12 (-0.47, 0.22) |
Pegboard | 0.09 (-0.06, 0.24) | -0.03 (-0.37, 0.31) |
Matching | 0.09 (-0.10, 0.27) | 0.00 (-0.42, 0.41) |
Total | 0.08 (-0.07, 0.23) | -0.07 (-0.40, 0.27) |
Age 7 years | ||
KBIT verbal | 0.35 (0.16, 0.53) | 0.80 (0.38, 1.22) |
KBIT non-verbal | 0.29 (0.05, 0.54) | 0.58 (0.01, 1.14) |
WRAVMA drawing | -0.08 (-0.33, 0.18) | -0.05 (-0.62, 0.53) |
WRAML visual memory | 0.04 (-0.02, 0.11) | 0.12 (-0.03, 0.27) |
Estimates are adjusted for child age, sex, fetal growth, gestational age, race/ethnicity, and primary language; maternal age, parity, smoking status, IQ, depression, employment, and child care at 6 months post-partum; and parental education level, annual household income, and HOME-SF score.
No solid foods or non-breast milk liquids (except water)