Figure 8.

Average proportion of cross-validated explained genotypic variance in the T0 test sets (p_G TS; filled basis of columns) and estimation sets (p_G ES; open top of columns) by all QTL (P<0.05 and Bonferroni–Holm correction) detected through genome-wide association mapping for resistance against powdery mildew, leaf rust and stripe rust with a 9 k and a 90 k SNP array. The difference in the explained proportion of genotypic variance between estimation set (p_G ES) and test set (p_G TS) is denoted as the bias (p_G bias). The numbers in brackets indicate the average number of significant marker–trait associations in the estimation set based on 100 cross-validation runs.