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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 24.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Immunol Rev. 2013 Aug 1;9(3):147–156. doi: 10.2174/1573395509666131210232548

Figure 1. Polarization of alternatively activated macrophages.

Figure 1

1. IL-4 and IL-13, upon binding to their common receptor IL-4Rα phosphorylate STAT6 to begin the induction of AAMac polarization. 2. IL-21 and IL-33 promote this signaling pathway. 3. STAT6 mediates expression of AAMac signature genes and activates other transcription factors such as PPARγ. 4. Helminths and chitin promote alternative activation via Jmjd3-mediated histone modification and expression of the transcription factor Irf4. 5. Adenosine promotes macrophage alternative activation through a C/EBPβ-dependent mechanism.