Table 1.

DC%, DE%, DL%, and process YE% of shikonin-loaded NPs before and after modification

Formulation characteristics	Plain NPs	PEGylated NPs	Ab-armed NPs
$\text{DC}\%=\left(\frac{D_{t}mass-D_{f}mass}{NPmass}\right)\times 100$	12.8	10.4	7.5
$\text{DE}\%=\left(\frac{D_{t}mass-D_{f}mass}{D_{t}mass}\right)\times 100$	87.0	65.0	42.0
$\text{DL}\%=\left(\frac{D_{t}mass-D_{f}mass}{P_{t}mass}\right)\times 100$	14.0	11.8	8.6
$\text{YE}\%=\left(\frac{NPmass}{D_{t}mass+P_t}\right)\times 100$	85.0	75.0	60.0

Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; DC%, drug content efficiency; DE%, drug entrapment efficiency; D_f, free drug; DL%, drug loading efficiency; D_t, total drug; NP, nanoparticle; PEG, polyethylene glycol; P_t, total polymer; YE%, yielding efficiency.