Table 2.
Associations between male serum lipid concentrations and semen quality outcomes.
| Semen Quality Outcome (unit) | Cholesterol β(SE) | Free cholesterol β(SE) | Phospholipids β(SE) | Triglycerides β(SE) | Total lipid β(SE) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Volume (ml) | −0.004 (0.002) | −0.010 (0.006) | −0.003 (0.002) | −0.001 (0.000) | −0.001 (0.000) |
| Sperm Concentration (*106/ml) | −0.021 (0.068) | −0.041 (0.203) | −0.004 (0.065) | 0.014 (0.017) | 0.006 (0.012) | |
| Total Sperm Count (*106/ml) | −0.292 (0.225) | −0.983 (0.673) | −0.164 (0.215) | −0.016 (0.057) | −0.028 (0.041) | |
| Distance Sperm Traveled in Straw (mm) | −0.002 (0.009) | 0.013 (0.027) | 0.002 (0.008) | 0.002 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.002) | |
| Hypo-osmotic swollen (%) | −0.026 (0.012) | −0.030 (0.035) | −0.011 (0.011) | 0.003 (0.003) | −0.000 (0.002) | |
| Motility | Amplitude of Lateral Head Displacement (μm) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.002 (0.003) | −0.001 (0.001) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) |
| Avg. Path Velocity (μm/sec) | 0.002 (0.010) | 0.024 (0.029) | −0.005 (0.009) | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.002) | |
| Beat Cross Frequency (Hz) | −0.006 (0.005) | −0.013 (0.015) | −0.006 (0.005) | 0.000 (0.001) | −0.000 (0.001) | |
| Curvilinear Velocity (μm/sec) | 0.005 (0.017) | 0.058 (0.051) | −0.005 (0.016) | 0.005 (0.004) | 0.003 (0.003) | |
| Linearity (%) | 0.000 (0.008) | 0.001 (0.025) | 0.001 (0.008) | 0.000 (0.002) | 0.000 (0.001) | |
| Percent Motility (%) | 0.007 (0.015) | 0.040 (0.046) | −0.006 (0.015) | 0.004 (0.004) | 0.002 (0.003) | |
| Straightness (%) | −0.000 (0.008) | 0.006 (0.025) | −0.000 (0.008) | 0.002 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.002) | |
| Straight-Line Velocity (μm/sec) | 0.003 (0.009) | 0.024 (0.027) | −0.003 (0.009) | 0.002 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.002) | |
| Morphometry | Sperm Head with Acrosome (%) | −0.017 (0.006) | −0.043 (0.018) | −0.014 (0.006) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.002 (0.001) |
| Elongation Factor-Width/Length (%) | −0.002 (0.007) | 0.007 (0.020) | −0.003 (0.006) | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.001) | |
| Sperm Head Area (μm2) | −0.003 (0.001) | −0.008 (0.003) | −0.002 (0.001) | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.000 (0.000) | |
| Sperm Head Length (μm) | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.002 (0.001) | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.000 (0.000) | |
| Sperm Head Perimeter (μm) | −0.002 (0.001) | −0.005 (0.002) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.000 (0.000) | |
| Sperm Head Width (μm) | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | −0.000 (0.000) | |
| Round (%) | 0.000 (0.002) | −0.006 (0.007) | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.000) | |
| Pyriform (%) | 0.001 (0.008) | −0.006 (0.024) | 0.009 (0.008) | 0.000 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.001) | |
| Megalo head (%) | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.011 (0.007) | −0.003 (0.002) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.000) | |
| Micro head (%) | 0.003 (0.002) | 0.007 (0.005) | 0.002 (0.002) | −0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | |
| Coiled tail (%) | 0.015 (0.015) | 0.049 (0.043) | 0.011 (0.014) | 0.001 (0.004) | 0.001 (0.003) | |
| Other tail abnormalities (%) | −0.007 (0.005) | −0.028 (0.016) | −0.004 (0.005) | −0.002 (0.001) | −0.002 (0.001) | |
| Morphology | Amorphous (%) | 0.016 (0.014) | 0.019 (0.042) | 0.013 (0.014) | −0.004 (0.004) | −0.001 (0.003) |
| Bicephalic (%) | 0.002 (0.003) | −0.003 (0.008) | −0.001 (0.003) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.000) | |
| Cytoplasmic Droplet (%) | −0.009 (0.007) | −0.032 (0.020) | −0.007 (0.007) | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.001 (0.001) | |
| Immature Sperm (#immature) | 0.011 (0.025) | 0.015 (0.073) | 0.016 (0.023) | −0.001 (0.006) | 0.001 (0.005) | |
| Neck & Midpiece Abnormal (%) | −0.001 (0.013) | −0.004 (0.039) | 0.001 (0.013) | −0.003 (0.003) | −0.002 (0.002) | |
| Strict Criteria (%) | −0.005 (0.013) | 0.012 (0.039) | −0.003 (0.012) | 0.004 (0.003) | 0.002 (0.002) | |
| Taper (%) | −0.001 (0.004) | −0.004 (0.010) | 0.000 (0.003) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.000 (0.001) | |
| WHO Normal (%) | −0.007 (0.016) | 0.007 (0.048) | −0.005 (0.015) | 0.005 (0.004) | 0.002 (0.003) | |
| Sperm chromatin stability |
DNA Fragmentation (%) | 0.001 (0.013) | −0.039 (0.039) | −0.005 (0.012) | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.002 (0.002) |
| High DNA Stainability (%) | 0.004 (0.007) | 0.011 (0.020) | 0.006 (0.006) | −0.001 (0.002) | −0.000 (0.001) |
*
Next day semen analysis
SE, standard error
Bolded: p < 0.05
Semen outcomes are not transformed. Mixed effects model (for volume, concentration, 24-hour motility, and sperm head morphology) and linear regression model (for the others) were used, and adjusted for age (years), BMI (kg/ m2), study site (Texas/Michigan) and race (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, other).