Table 1.
Mother demographic and clinical measures by diagnostic group at baseline
| Diagnostic group |
Analyses |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | All (N = 186) | HC (n = 61) | BD (n = 45) | PRI-MDD (n = 41) | CURR-MDD (n = 39) | Test statistic | df | p-value | HC vs. BD | HC vs. PRI-MDD | HC vs. CURR-MDD | BD vs. PRI-MDD | BD vs. CURR-MDD | PRI-MDD vs. CURR-MDD |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 28.7 ± 6.0 | 29.5 ± 5.7 | 26.2 ± 6.0 | 29.6 ± 5.3 | 29.3 ± 6.7 | F = 3.48 | 3,182 | 0.017 | 0.005e | 0.986 | 0.852 | 0.008e | 0.029 | 0.851 |
| Race, n (%) | p < 0.0001 | 0.114 | ||||||||||||
| White | 136 (73.1) | 45 (73.8) | 29 (64.4) | 36 (87.8) | 26 (66.7) | |||||||||
| Black | 43 (23.1) | 14 (23.0) | 15 (33.3) | 4 (9.8) | 10 (25.6) | |||||||||
| Other | 7 (3.8) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (2.2) | 1 (2.4) | 3 (7.7) | |||||||||
| White race, n (%) | 136 (73.1) | 45 (73.8) | 29 (64.4) | 36 (87.8) | 26 (66.7) | χ 2 = 7.06 | 3 | 0.070 | ||||||
| Educational level, n (%) | p < 0.0001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001e | 0.385 | 0.016 | < 0.001e | 0.004e | 0.067 | ||||||
| < High school | 19 (10.3) | 5 (8.2) | 8 (17.8) | 1 (2.5) | 5 (12.8) | |||||||||
| High school | 32 (17.3) | 10 (16.4) | 13 (28.9) | 4 (10.0) | 5 (12.8) | |||||||||
| Some college | 40 (21.6) | 4 (6.6) | 18 (40.0) | 6 (15.0) | 12 (30.8) | |||||||||
| College | 54 (29.2) | 22 (36.1) | 6 (13.3) | 18 (45.0) | 8 (20.5) | |||||||||
| Graduate school | 40 (21.6) | 20 (32.8) | 0 (0) | 11 (27.5) | 9 (23.1) | |||||||||
| Completed college, n (%) | 94 (50.8) | 42 (68.9) | 6 (13.3) | 29 (72.5) | 17 (43.6) | χ 2 = 41.58 | 3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001e | 0.695 | 0.012e | < 0.001e | 0.002e | 0.009e |
| Employed, n (%) | 94 (51.6) | 43 (71.7) | 11 (26.2) | 22 (53.7) | 18 (46.2) | χ 2 = 21.07 | 3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001e | 0.064 | 0.011e | 0.011e | 0.061 | 0.502 |
| Marital status, n (%) | p < 0.0001 | 0.003 | < 0.001e | 1.000 | 0.251 | 0.001e | 0.096 | 0.448 | ||||||
| Single | 65 (34.9) | 15 (24.6) | 26 (57.8) | 10 (24.4) | 14 (35.9) | |||||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 115 (61.8) | 45 (73.8) | 17 (37.8) | 30 (73.2) | 23 (59.0) | |||||||||
| Divorced/separated | 5 (2.7) | 1 (1.6) | 1 (2.2) | 1 (2.4) | 2 (5.1) | |||||||||
| Widowed | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||||
| Married/cohabiting, n (%) | 115 (61.8) | 45 (73.8) | 17 (37.8) | 30 (73.2) | 23 (59.0) | χ 2 = 17.08 | 3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001e | 0.946 | 0.122 | < 0.001e | 0.052 | 0.180 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, mean ± SD | 27.1 ± 7.6 | 25.4 ± 5.4 | 27.8 ± 8.1 | 25.6 ± 5.4 | 30.6 ± 10.3 | H = 0.07 | 3 | 0.068 | ||||||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 30, n (%) | 50 (28.6) | 9 (16.1) | 14 (35.9) | 10 (24.4) | 17 (43.6) | χ 2 = 9.97 | 3 | 0.019 | 0.026 | 0.308 | 0.003e | 0.262 | 0.488 | 0.069 |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | 29 (15.7) | 3 (4.9) | 16 (36.4) | 4 (9.8) | 6 (15.4) | χ 2 = 20.68 | 3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001e | 0.435 | 0.148 | 0.004e | 0.031 | 0.513 |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | 44 (23.8) | 11 (18.0) | 7 (15.9) | 14 (34.1) | 12 (30.8) | χ 2 = 6.10 | 3 | 0.107 | ||||||
| Illicit drug use, n (%) | 23 (12.5) | 4 (6.6) | 14 (32.6) | 1 (2.4) | 4 (10.3) | χ 2 = 21.76 | 3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001e | 0.646 | 0.708 | < 0.001e | 0.015 | 0.195 |
| Glucose challenge test, mean ± SD | 100 ± 25.0 | 99.4 ± 22.6 | 96.7 ± 27.2 | 103 ± 24.3 | 103 ± 26.8 | F = 0.68 | 3,182 | 0.564 | ||||||
| Glucose challenge test > 140, n (%) | 13 (7.0) | 4 (6.6) | 3 (6.7) | 3 (7.3) | 3 (7.7) | p = 0.02 | 1.000 | |||||||
| Any psychiatric medication, n (%)a | 56 (44.8) | 23 (51.1) | 16 (39.0) | 17 (43.6) | χ 2 = 1.30 | 2 | 0.522 | |||||||
| SRIb | 39 (31.2) | 12 (26.7) | 13 (31.7) | 14 (35.9) | χ 2 = 0.84 | 2 | 0.658 | |||||||
| Other | 17 (13.6) | 11 (24.4) | 3 (7.3) | 3 (7.7) | χ 2 = 7.04 | 2 | 0.030 | 0.032 | 0.040 | 1.000 | ||||
| Any metabolism-altering medication, n (%)a | 34 (27.2) | 16 (35.6) | 10 (24.4) | 8 (20.5) | χ 2 = 2.63 | 2 | 0.268 | |||||||
| Diabetogenicc | 29 (23.2) | 11 (24.4) | 10 (24.4) | 8 (20.5) | χ 2 = 0.23 | 2 | 0.891 | |||||||
| Weight-inducingd | 14 (11.2) | 13 (28.9) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0) | χ 2 = 22.24 | 2 | < 0.001 | < 0.001e | < 0.001e | 1.000 | ||||
SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index; SRI = serotonin reuptake inhibitors; HC = healthy control; BD = bipolar disorder; PRI-MDD = prior major depressive disorder; CURR-MDD = current major depressive disorder.
n = 186 – 61 = 125.
SRI included sertraline (n = 23), citalopram (n = 6), escitalopram (n =5), and fluoxetine (n = 14).
Medications associated with hyperglycemia included quetiapine (n = 5), risperidone (n = 2), olanzapine (n =1), prednisone (n = 2), sertraline (n = 23), venlafaxine (n = 6), and nortriptyline (n = 1).
Medications associated with weight gain included quetiapine (n = 5), lithium (n = 2), risperidone (n = 2), olanzapine (n = 1), and prednisone (n = 2).
Significant after Bonferroni correction.