Table 2.
Age-sex-adjusted associations of demographics, health risks, and medical conditions with overweight/obesity and inadequate sleep (1977 – 2009)
|
Characteristics |
Overweight |
Obesity |
Very short sleep |
Short sleep |
Long sleep |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
|
Demographics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Race/ethnicity (
reference: Whites
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Blacks
|
1.42 (1.36, 1.47)* |
1.98 (1.90, 2.06)* |
2.24 (2.04, 2.45)* |
1.54 (1.49, 1.60)* |
1.62 (1.54, 1.71)* |
|
Others
|
0.73 (0.69, 0.77)* |
0.55 (0.51, 0.60)* |
1.05 (0.88, 1.25)* |
1.15 (1.09, 1.22)* |
0.95 (0.87, 1.05) |
|
Education (
reference: High School or higher
)
‡
|
1.10 (1.06, 1.14)* |
1.24 (1.19, 1.29)* |
1.93 (1.77, 2.11)* |
1.04 (1.00, 1.08)* |
2.01 (1.92, 2.10)* |
|
Marital status (
reference: married
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Widowed
|
0.92 (0.87, 0.98)* |
0.98 (0.91, 1.05) |
2.17 (1.87, 2.52)* |
1.38 (1.30, 1.47)* |
1.58 (1.45, 1.73)* |
|
Divorced
|
0.96 (0.92, 1.00) |
1.12 (1.07, 1.16)* |
2.67 (2.41, 2.95)* |
1.55 (1.50, 1.61)* |
1.16 (1.09, 1.23) |
|
Separated
|
1.10 (1.02, 1.18)* |
1.39 (1.28, 1.50)* |
3.53 (3.03, 4.11)* |
1.59 (1.48, 1.70)* |
1.50 (1.35, 1.66)* |
|
Single
|
0.81 (0.78, 0.84)* |
0.99 (0.95, 1.03) |
1.47 (1.32, 1.64)* |
1.03 (0.99, 1.06)* |
1.59 (1.51, 1.67)* |
|
Total family income (reference: ≥ $35,000) |
0.89 (0.87, 0.92)* |
0.95 (0.92, 0.98)* |
2.09 (1.92, 2.27)* |
1.04 (1.02, 1.07)* |
1.84 (1.75, 1.92)* |
|
Poverty status (
reference: above poverty
) |
1.05 (1.00, 1.10)* |
1.39 (1.32, 1.45)* |
2.86 (2.59, 3.17)* |
1.19 (1.14, 1.24)* |
2.04 (1.93, 2.16)* |
|
Smoking status (
reference: never smokers
) |
0.99 (0.99, 0.99)* |
0.99 (0.99, 0.99)* |
1.06 (1.05, 1.06)* |
1.02 (1.02, 1.03)* |
1.04 (1.03 1.04)* |
|
Alcohol consumption (
reference: never
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Former
|
1.09 (1.03, 1.15)* |
1.35 (1.27, 1.43)* |
1.92 (1.67, 2.21)* |
1.53 (1.45, 1.61)* |
1.35 (1.25, 1.47)* |
|
Current
|
0.95 (0.92, 0.99)* |
0.86 (0.82, 0.90)* |
0.98 (0.88, 1.10)* |
1.28 (1.23, 1.33)* |
0.82 (0.77, 0.87)* |
|
Physical activity (reference: yes)
a
|
1.05 (0.99, 1.10) |
1.32 (1.24, 1.40)* |
1.08 (0.99, 1.17) |
1.08 (1.03, 1.18) |
1.47 (1.32, 1.63)* |
|
Emotional distress (reference: yes)
a
|
1.07 (0.96, 1.18) |
1.88 (1.71, 1.35)* |
5.51 (5.02, 6.05)* |
5.51 (5.02, 6.05)* |
3.07 (2.72, 3.46)* |
|
Self-reported comorbid conditions
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer |
1.05 (0.99, 1.10) |
1.32 (1.24, 1.40)* |
1.50 (1.28, 1.77)* |
1.10 (0.99, 1.17) |
1.47 (1.32, 1.63)* |
|
Diabetes |
1.84 (1.69, 1.99)* |
4.69 (4.43, 5.05)* |
2.15 (1.85, 2.50)* |
1.24 (1.16, 1.31)* |
1.93 (1.77, 2.11)* |
|
Hypertension |
1.70 (1.65, 1.76)* |
3.66 (3.52, 3.79)* |
2.14 (1.95, 2.35)* |
1.28 (1.24, 1.32)* |
1.52 (1.45, 1.60)* |
|
Kidney disease |
1.02 (0.87, 1.18)* |
1.52 (1.31, 1.77)* |
3.10 (2.38, 4.01)* |
0.60 (0.52, 0.68)* |
1.77 (1.47, 2.13)* |
|
Myocardial infarction |
1.19 (1.04, 1.35)* |
1.96 (1.73, 2.23)* |
2.89 (2.33, 2.59)* |
1.24 (1.11, 1.38)* |
2.54 (2.20, 2.94)* |
|
Coronary heart disease |
1.27 (1.13, 1.42)* |
1.92 (1.72, 2.14)* |
2.30 (1.89 2.80)* |
1.15 (1.04 1.25)* |
2.15 (1.87, 2.44)* |
|
Stroke |
1.07 (0.96, 1.20) |
1.55 (1.38, 1.74)* |
4.19 (3.45, 5.09)* |
1.39 (1.25, 1.55)* |
3.04 (2.67, 3.45)* |
|
Sleep measure
(
reference: healthy sleep
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Very short sleep
|
1.30 (1.19, 1.43)* |
2.17 (1.97, 2.40)* |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
Short sleep
|
1.20 (1.16, 1.23)* |
1.57 (1.52, 1.63)* |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Long sleep | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 1.20 (1.14, 1.26)* | -- | -- | -- |
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.
*P < 0.05.
aThese measures were available from 2004 to 2009.
‡Compares those with less high school education to person with a high school diploma or higher.