Table 4.
Linear regression results for the associations between family factors and development of AIA/AIA symptoms a,b
| Potential risk factors | Total score c | Seven subscale scores c | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
|
Lack of Control |
Socialization |
Planning |
Negative-Life-Consequences |
Time-Consuming |
Tolerance |
Withdrawal |
|
Parental attitude toward adolescent internet use | ||||||||
| Agree |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
| Relatively agree |
1.0(1.5)d |
0.5(0.2)d |
0.6(0.3)d |
0.2(0.2) d |
0.1(0.3)d |
-0.2(0.2)d |
-0.0(0.2)d |
-0.2(0.5)d |
| General |
0.7(1.5) |
0.4(0.2) |
0.6(0.3) |
0.4(0.2) |
0.4(0.3) |
-0.2(0.2) |
-0.3(0.2) |
-0.6(0.6) |
| Relatively disagree |
5.8(1.6)***e |
1.1(0.2)***e |
1.8(0.3)***e |
1.1(0.2)*** e |
1.1(0.3)***e |
-0.1(0.2) |
0.4(0.2)*e |
0.5(0.6) |
| Strongly disagree |
11.1(2.5)*** |
1.4(0.3)*** |
2.4(0.5)*** |
1.7(0.4)*** |
1.7(0.4)*** |
-0.3(0.4) |
1.0(0.3)*** |
2.2(0.9)* |
|
Mother-adolescent relationship | ||||||||
| Very good |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
| Relatively good |
5.3(0.9)*** |
0.4(0.2) |
1.0(0.2)*** |
0.9(0.1)*** |
1.0(0.2)*** |
0.1(0.2) |
0.6(0.1)*** |
0.7(0.4) |
| General |
5.2(1.4)*** |
-0.1(0.2) |
1.1(0.3)*** |
0.6(0.2)** |
1.0(0.2)*** |
0.1(0.2) |
0.6(0.2)*** |
1.0(0.6) |
| Relatively & very bad |
12.0 (3.2)*** |
0.7(0.5) |
2.4(0.7)*** |
1.4(0.5)** |
1.5(0.6)** |
1.0(0.5) |
1.3(0.4)** |
2.0(1.2) |
|
Father-adolescent relationship | ||||||||
| Very good |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
| Relatively good |
2.6(1.1) |
0.0(0.2) |
0.5(0.2) |
0.3(0.2) |
0.4(0.2) |
0.0(0.3) |
0.5(0.3) |
1.3(0.3)*** |
| General |
4.7(2.3) |
0.3(0.2) |
0.6(0.3) |
0.5(0.2) |
0.4(0.2) |
0.2(0.2) |
0.1(0.2) |
2.2(0.4)*** |
| Relatively & very bad |
4.2(2.2) |
0.1(0.3) |
0.8(0.5) |
0.4(0.3) |
0.5(0.4) |
0.2(0.1) |
-0.3(0.2) |
2.8(0.8)*** |
|
Parental marriage | ||||||||
| Married-and-together |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
| Married-but-separated |
8.4(3.4)* |
1.1(0.5)* |
1.3(0.7) |
0.8(0.5) |
0.5(0.6) |
0.1(0.5) |
0.8(0.4) |
3.5(1.2)** |
| Divorced |
0.9(2.4) |
0.3(0.3) |
0.0(0.5) |
0.0(0.3) |
-0.2(0.4) |
0.3(0.3) |
0.1(0.3) |
0.1(0.9) |
| Widowed |
1.4(4.3) |
0.1(0.6) |
0.1(0.9) |
0.4(0.6) |
-0.3(0.8) |
0.5(0.6) |
-0.1(0.5) |
0.7(1.6) |
| Remarried |
-0.0(2.3) |
0.2(0.4) |
-0.2(0.5) |
0.2(0.4) |
-0.3(0.5) |
0.2(0.4) |
-0.5(0.3) |
0.9(1.0) |
|
Family structure | ||||||||
| Nuclear family |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
Reference |
| Three-generation family |
-1.7(1.0) |
-0.2(0.1) |
-0.3(0.2) |
-0.2(0.1) |
-0.3(0.2)* |
-0.0(0.1) |
-0.3(0.1)* |
-0.4(0.4) |
| Single parent family |
0.8(2.6) |
-0.1(0.4) |
0.2(0.5) |
0.0(0.4) |
0.4(0.5) |
0.1(0.4) |
0.2(0.3) |
-0.1(1.0) |
| Left-behind adolescents |
-0.3(2.3) |
-0.1(0.3) |
-0.5(0.5) |
-0.1(0.3) |
0.3(0.4) |
0.9(0.3)** |
-0.3(0.3) |
-0.7(0.8) |
| Weekend parents | 1.9(2.4) | 0.5(0.3) | 0.7(0.5) | 0.1(0.4) | -0.4(0.4) | 0.0(0.4) | 0.1(0.3) | 1.0(0.9) |
aAIA = adolescent internet addiction.
bLinear regressions were used to model the relationship between family factors and AIA and between family factors and symptoms of 7 subscales. Total scores and subscale scores of DRM-52 Scale were respectively taken as dependent variables. Adjusted R squares for these models were around 0.3.
cIn these models, adolescent gender, age, grade, the type of school, monthly consumption expenditure, academic achievement levels and family social economic status were adjusted. Two variables including family structure and marital status were forced.
dResults are reported as Coefficient Estimate (SE).
e***indicated p < 0.001, **indicated p < 0.01, *indicated p < 0.05.