Table 2.

Survey of immunotherapy approaches

	Tumor associated antigens (TAA)	Immunopotentiation	Category
1	From lysates extracted from cell lines or tumor tissue	Classical vaccine adjuvants, or cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12, GM-CSF, TNF, haptens, BCG, etc	Classical vaccine
2	Recombinant proteins or peptides	Classical vaccine adjuvants, or cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12, GM-CSF, TNF, haptens, BCG, etc	Modern vaccine
3	Antigens from 1 or 2 loaded on patient-derived autologous dendritic cells	Activating cytokine (or cocktail)	Dendritic cell vaccine
4	RNA, DNA, or viral vector encoding the TAA	Direct parenteral injection, without or with immunopotentiators	Genetic vaccine
5	RNA, DNA, or viral vector encoding the TAA	Transfection into dendritic cells	Dendritic cell vaccine
6	Endogenous TAAs expressed/released by the tumor	Patient-derived or allogeneic T lymphocytes cultured in medium facilitating T cell survival and expansion, sometimes gene modified T cells expressing transgenic T cell receptors specific for defined TAA	Adoptive T cell transfer
7	Endogenous TAAs expressed (released) by the tumor	Cytokine or immunostimulant administration (IFN, IL-2, IL-12, TLR agonists etc.)	Non-specific stand-alone immunostimulation
8	Endogenous TAAs released from the tumor after local destruction of tumor tissue by ablation	Local inflammatory responses resulting from apoptosis or necrosis of tumor tissue, optionally combined with immunostimulants.	Tumor necrosis therapy (TNT) by non-specific local immune activation
9	One of the categories of exogenous or endogenous TAAs described above	Blockade of endogenous immunosuppressive cells or molecules (PD-1, CTLA-4, TGF-β, IL-10, regulatory T cells, etc.)	Inhibition of local or systemic immune suppression
10	Two or more combinations of the above approaches		Multi-modal