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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 25.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2012 Nov 27;126(22):2625–2635. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.060376

Figure 1. Overview of the systemic and cardiac-specific effects of exercise.

Figure 1

Endurance exercise has multiple systemic effects, ranging from increased skeletal muscle growth to vascular remodeling and improved energetics. Exercise also exerts direct effects on the heart itself, including increased cardiac growth, protection against ischemic damage, and modulation of cardiac function, metabolism, and vascular supply. (Illustration by AR)