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(a) Three-dimensional, transparent, fluid-filled buttons overtop a touchscreen; buttons automatically rise from the screen when needed for typing and recede after typing is complete. (b) Buttons result from an embedded microfluidic network; an increase in fluid pressure causes fluid movement through the microholes, forcing the polymeric layer to bulge outward and creating a series of depressible buttons. Images reproduced from Refs. 11 and 12.
