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. 2014 Mar 15;18(4):555–567. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12266

Figure 2.

Figure 2

TGF-β signalling cascade alterations that lead to prostate cancer. Main effects or alterations related to the TGF-β signalling pathway that drive to prostate cancer hallmarks. Brown boxes: ligands; Blue boxes: receptors; Green boxes: downstream effectors of the TGF-β signalling pathway; Light brown boxes: alteration in other targets (italics). Grey, light blue and light green boxes: alteration in cancer cell hallmarks or effects related to the ligands/other targets, receptors or downstream effectors, respectively; Black arrows inside boxes: increase/decrease or activation/inactivation; Black arrows: effect or alteration. PSA, prostate-specific androgen; MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase 2; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; PA, plasminogen activator; pRb, protein retinoblastoma; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; LTBP1, latent TGF-β binding protein 1; GDF15, growth differentiation factor 15; IGFBP3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3; GF, growth factors; GFR, growth factor receptor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; BMPR, bone morphogenetic protein receptor; TGF-β R, TGF-β receptor; ALK, activin receptor-like kinase; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor.