Table 1.
Review of literature listed according to the year of publication
| Reference | n | Symptoms (n =%) | Diagnosis | Treatment (n =%) | Complications | Outcome (n =%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christoforidis et al. 1998 | 4 | Postural, pharmacoresistent headache (100) diplopia (75) nausea and vomiting (25) photophobia (25) neck pain (25) | Radionuclide cisternography (25), LP (50), *MRI (25) | Bed- rest for several weeks (100) caffeine 4 g/d (25) | None | Fully recovered (100) |
| ;O’Carrol and Brant- Zawadzki 1999 | 4 | Headache (100) nausea (50) neck stiffness (50) diplopia (25) acoustic halluzination (25) | MRI (100), LP (75), *radio cisternography (75) | Analgesics (25) EBP (100) | Subdural fluid collection (25) | No neurological symptoms after 6 months (50) still mild headache after 4 months (25) mild symptoms after 4 years (25) |
| Sencakova et al. 2001 | 25 | Headache (100) Nausea | Head MRI (96), Spine MRI (48) CT myelography (64), Cisternography (56) | One or more EBP (100) after conservative treatment failed If EBP failed, surgical treatment (28) | None | No neurological symptoms after one or more EBP (72) No neurological symptoms after surgical treatment (28) |
| Lin et al. 2002 | 15 | Postural headache (100) nausea (26,7) vomiting (20) dizziness (6,7) diplopia (6,7) | MRI LP* | conservative i.v. fluid EBP | Not available | |
| de Noronha et al. 2003 | 4 | Headache (100) diplopia (25) neck pain (25) photophobia (25) cervical pain radiating the occiput (25) neck stiffness (25) | CT (100), MRI (50), LP (50)* Angiography (25) | Symptomatical ly treated (50) EBP (25) surgical evacuation of hygroma (25) | Bilateral subdural fluid collections with confusion (50) hydrocephalus (25) ataxia and dysarthria (25) | Asymptomatic after evacuation of subdural fluid collections (75) improved gradually (25) |
| Berroir et al. 2004 | 30 | Headache (100) nausea/vomitting (70) neck pain(48) hearing disturbances (14) | MRI, CT myelography Cisternography | EBP (100) Surgical treatment (3.3) | Complete cure after | |
| - one EBP (57) | ||||||
| - two EBP (20) | ||||||
| -five EBP (3.3) | ||||||
| -surgery (3.3) | ||||||
| Lai et al. 2007 | 40 | headache (100) | MRI, Cisternography, CT- myelography Myelography | Hydration caffeine theophylline fludrocortisone analgesics EBP (25) surgical hematoma evacuation (5) | Decrease of (7,5) abducens nerve palsy (2,5) numbness of hands (2,5) suboccipital decompression (2,5) | Asymptomatic after one year (37.5) residual headache after one year (12,5) bed-ridden and blind after three months (2.5) |
| Schieving et al. 2008 | 94 | head ache | MRI, CT myelography MR myelography | Epidural blood patch (21,3) EBP and fibrin glue (31,9) EBP and surgical intervention (40,4) | None | Good outcome (80) Poor outcome (20) |
| Ferrante et al. 2010 | 42 | Headache (97,6) nausea vomitting hemianopsia diplopia | CT, MRI, CT-myelography Cisternography | EBP in Trendelenburg position and acetazolamide as pre – medication | Evacuation of bilateral SDH with mass effect (5) | Complete recovery after |
| -one EBP (90) | ||||||
| -two (5) | ||||||
| -three EBP (5) | ||||||
| Loya et al. 2012 | 3 | Headache (66,6) nausea (33.3) vomiting (33.3) somnolence (33.3) | MRI, CT, CT myelography, Myelography | Trendelenburg position (100) abdominal binder (33.3) EBP (66.6) | Acute bilateral SDH (33.3) bilateral hygromas (33.3) | No neurological deficit (100) |
| Albes et al. 2012 | 26 | headache (76.9) | MRI, CT, CT myelography, Myelography | EBP (96.2) | Asymptomatic (100) |
*Lumbar puncture suspected IH because of the difficulty to obtain CSF. EBP: epidural blood patch; MRI magnetic resonance imaging; CT computer tomography.