Table 2. Age, anthropometry, lifestyle characteristics, bone mineral density, and nutrient intake in biological children and their parents.

Variable	Biological children (N = 17)	Parents (N = 26)	Pa
	Mean (SD) [range]	Mean (SD) [range]
Age (years)	19.7 (2.2) [11.6 to 21.7]	47.1 (3.4) [42.3 to 52.5]	<0.001
Height (cm)	165.7 (6.2) [153.0 to 178.0]	171.0 (9.2) [152.0 to 186.0]	0.044
Weight (kg)	59.5 (11.0) [41.0 to 80.0]	76.1 (12.1) [56.0 to 105.0]	<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	21.5 (3.1) [16.8 to 28.6]	26.1 (2.7) [20.9 to 30.6]	<0.001
PAI	4.1 (1.5) [2.0 to 6.0]	4.3 (1.0) [2.0 to 6.0]	n.s.
Smoking index	241.6 (231.9) [50 to 525] (N 3)	325.0 (86.6) [225 to 375] (N 3)	n.s.
Sleep duration (h)	8.3 (0.7) [7 to 9]	7.0 (0.7) [6 to 8]	<0.001
Fractures (No.)	1.0 (0.0) [1 to 1]	1.0 (0.0) [1 to 1]	/
Spine BMD Z score	0.9 (1.2) [−1.0 to 2.9]	−0.0 (1.1) [−1.7 to 2.4]	0.010
Total femur BMD Z score	1.4 (2.0) [−1.1 to 5.0]	0.5 (0.9) [−1.3 to 2.7]	n.s.
Radius 1/3 BMD Z score	−0.9 (0.9) [−3.1 to 0.5]	−0.6 (0.5) [−1.7 to 0.9]	n.s.
Energy (kcal)	2602.3 (921.5) [1419.3 to 4449.1]	2484.2 (569.6) [1658.8 to 4059.9]	n.s.
Protein (g/1000 kcal)	40.8 (7.7) [26.2 to 51.2]	35.7 (7.2) [19.3 to 47.4]	n.s.
Fat (g/1000 kcal)	36.1 (5.3) [25.3 to 42.6]	35.7 (7.2) [19.3 to 47.4]	n.s.
Carbohydrate (g/1000 kcal)	122.2 (35.2) [14.1 to 163.8]	124.5 (26.6) [89.7 to 192.7]	n.s.
Dietary fiber (g/1000 kcal)	10.5 (4.2) [6.8 to 20.9]	11.2 (4.7) [7.3 to 24.0]	n.s.
Calcium (mg/1000 kcal)	477.5 (132.3) [327.3 to 767.1]	457.0 (168.2) [197.5 to 846.8]	n.s.
Vitamin D (IU/1000 kcal)	29.8 (21.0) [8.0 to 93.9]	34.00 (17.6) [3.6 to 56.9]	n.s.

BMI = body mass index; PAI = physical activity index.

^aDifferences between means were tested with Student t-test.