Fig. 1.

Example landscapes. Model landscapes were generated stochastically but represent the general land use characteristics of real farms. (Top) 500 × 500 m of a typical Jamaican coffee farm, with patches of forest (f), sun (monoculture) coffee (n), shade coffee (d), and pasture (u), with trees and forest fragments (t) throughout. (Source: 18°20'19.28”N, 77°54'41.30”W; Google Earth image dated January 7, 2011, accessed January 9, 2014.) (Middle) The model’s 1,000 × 1,000 m synthetic landscape with the baseline habitat areas (Table 1). The dark-green border on the right side is forest, small light-green patches are trees habitat, gray is shade coffee, yellow is sun coffee, and brown and orange are pasture and other land uses unusable by birds. (Bottom) Model landscape for the scenario with 80% of coffee production in shade.