Fig. 3.

Calculated SOA yield bias as a function of initial toluene concentration and OH concentration when k_w = 2.5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ and C_w = 10 mg m⁻³. The R_wall values for a given [toluene] and [OH] are indicated by colors and contours, and are averaged over the period when C_SOA > 0.5 μg m⁻³ to the end of an experiment at 18 h. Results are based on the optimal fit of the SOM to the low-NO_x experiments.