Table 1.

Faunal succession at the Billasurgam Caves, arranged by MIS

Taxa	Modern India*	Modern Andhra Pradesh†	MIS 1	MIS 3	MIS 5	MIS 6	MIS 7
Carnivora
Ursus sp.	+	+	—	—	—	+	—
Felis chaus	+	+	—	—	—	+	—
Panthera pardus	+	+	—	—	+	—	—
Herpestes griseus	+	+	—	—	+	+	—
Canis sp.	+	+	—	—	+	+	—
Vulpes sp.	+	+	—	—	+	+	—
Primates
Theropithecus cf gelada	—	—	—	—	+	—	—
Semnopithecus entellus subsp.	+	+	—	—	+‡	—	—
Artiodactyla
Bos sp.	+	+	—	—	+	+	—
Boselaphus sp.	+	+	—	—	+	+	+
Antilope cervicapra	+	+	—	—	+	+	—
Gazella sp.	+	+	—	—	+	+	+
Tetracerus quadricornis	+	+	—	+	+	—	—
Axis axis	+	+	+	—	+	+	—
Muntjacus sp.	+	+	—	—		+	—
Sus sp.	+	+	—	—	+	+	—
Other
Equus sp.	+	—	—	+	+	+	+
Rhinoceros sp.	+	—	—	+	+	+	—
Lepus sp.	+	+	+	+	+	+	—
Hystrix crassidens	+	+	—	+	+	+	—
Erinaceus sp.	+	+	—	—	+	—	—

+, Specimens identified in this study, including our reexamination of Theropithecus cf gelada specimen from 19^th-century excavations; —, not identified in this study.

^*As known in the records of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (www.iucnredlist.org).

^†As known from modern faunal studies of Andhra Pradesh (20).

^‡Provides a terminus ante quem. Theropithecus specimen comes from Foote’s excavations, which removed layers that are now minimally dated to MIS 5. The actual date remains unknown due to the removal of these layers (SI Appendix, SI Methods).