Table 2.
Linear mixed effects regression results showing annual rate of change (slope) and rank-order based on effect size.
| Variable | Type | N | N* | Progression group |
LRT | Rank | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Low | Medium | High | ||||||
| Putamen | Imaging | 1206 | 2845 | −0.0407*** | −0.0900*** | −0.1122*** | −0.1119*** | 714.38*** | 1 |
| Caudate | Imaging | 1207 | 2846 | −0.0331** | −0.0769*** | −0.1028*** | −0.1192*** | 515.33*** | 2 |
| Accumbens | Imaging | 1207 | 2846 | −0.0264 | −0.0279 | −0.0853*** | −0.1110*** | 417.38*** | 3 |
| CSF | Imaging | 1205 | 2840 | 0.0511*** | 0.0804** | 0.1021*** | 0.0978*** | 223.19*** | 11 |
| Lobar gray | Imaging | 1175 | 2768 | −0.0874*** | −0.1220** | −0.1293*** | −0.1523*** | 125.23*** | 19 |
| Hippocampus | Imaging | 1206 | 2845 | −0.0337** | −0.0275 | −0.0626** | −0.0910*** | 98.33*** | 23 |
| Lobar white | Imaging | 1149 | 2680 | 0.0223 | 0.021 | 0.0122 | −0.0220*** | 63.73*** | 29 |
| Thalamus | Imaging | 1204 | 2843 | −0.0327* | −0.0217 | −0.0362 | −0.0487 | 18.69** | 39 |
| TMS | Motor | 1308 | 6077 | 0.0016 | 0.0332 | 0.0933*** | 0.2397*** | 415.75*** | 4 |
| Chorea | Motor | 1310 | 6124 | 0.0028 | 0.0395 | 0.0935*** | 0.2430*** | 332.72*** | 5 |
| Brady | Motor | 1308 | 6102 | −0.003 | 0.0297 | 0.0790*** | 0.2063*** | 331.14*** | 6 |
| Ocular | Motor | 1309 | 6124 | 0.0008 | 0.0097 | 0.0683*** | 0.1397*** | 293.61*** | 8 |
| Dystonia | Motor | 1310 | 6130 | −0.0009 | 0.0295 | 0.0524* | 0.1698*** | 114.56*** | 21 |
| Rigidity | Motor | 1310 | 6127 | 0.0203 | 0.0406 | 0.028 | 0.0744*** | 38.58** | 36 |
| SDMT | Cognitive | 1230 | 5252 | 0.0287** | −0.0012** | −0.0336*** | −0.0800*** | 303.63*** | 7 |
| Dysrhythmia | Cognitive | 969 | 2270 | −0.0107 | −0.0089 | 0.0468* | 0.1279*** | 236.60*** | 9 |
| Stroop-Co | Cognitive | 1228 | 5246 | 0.0327*** | 0.0103 | −0.0284*** | −0.0811*** | 234.50*** | 10 |
| Stroop-Wo | Cognitive | 1228 | 5255 | 0.0056 | −0.0201* | −0.0416*** | −0.0986*** | 222.97*** | 12 |
| Sp-Tapping | Cognitive | 975 | 2278 | 0.0046 | 0.038 | 0.0629** | 0.1476*** | 214.97*** | 13 |
| Smell-ID | Cognitive | 1212 | 3745 | 0.0004 | −0.0372* | −0.0559*** | −0.1283*** | 189.31*** | 14 |
| TMT-B | Cognitive | 1221 | 3875 | −0.02 | 0.0112 | 0.0188* | 0.0878*** | 178.52*** | 15 |
| Stroop-In | Cognitive | 1228 | 5245 | 0.0452*** | 0.0252 | 0.0068** | −0.0468*** | 172.69*** | 16 |
| EmoRec | Cognitive | 978 | 2300 | 0.0342 | 0.049 | 0.0466 | −0.0302** | 163.05*** | 17 |
| TMT-A | Cognitive | 1223 | 3905 | −0.0385* | 0.0024* | 0.0199** | 0.1048*** | 141.71*** | 18 |
| TFC | Functional | 1308 | 6140 | −0.0184 | −0.0443 | −0.0870*** | −0.2093*** | 124.03*** | 20 |
| ECog-C | Functional | 795 | 1599 | −0.0172 | 0.0469* | 0.0576** | 0.1074*** | 68.24*** | 26 |
| ECog-P | Functional | 899 | 1928 | −0.0228 | 0.0292* | 0.0117 | 0.0408** | 50.05** | 32 |
| FAS | Functional | 1052 | 4160 | −0.0071 | −0.0417 | −0.0692* | −0.1688*** | 43.20*** | 35 |
| WHODAS-C | Functional | 708 | 1254 | 0.0105 | 0.0597 | 0.0859* | 0.1193*** | 37.56** | 37 |
| WHODAS-P | Functional | 769 | 1499 | 0.0199 | 0.0691 | 0.0522 | 0.0328 | 33.04** | 38 |
| S-OC-C | Psychiatric | 1236 | 5392 | −0.0293* | 0.0027 | 0.0175** | 0.0649*** | 100.54*** | 22 |
| F-Exc-C | Psychiatric | 1235 | 5288 | −0.0226 | −0.0036 | 0.0288** | 0.0705*** | 97.95*** | 24 |
| F-Apa-C | Psychiatric | 1235 | 5288 | −0.0158 | 0.0131 | 0.0346** | 0.0706*** | 80.71*** | 25 |
| S-GSI-C | Psychiatric | 1237 | 5395 | −0.0398*** | −0.0096 | −0.0016* | 0.0404*** | 66.53*** | 27 |
| S-Dep-C | Psychiatric | 1236 | 5392 | −0.0391** | −0.0054 | −0.0048* | 0.0352*** | 65.15*** | 28 |
| S-Anx-C | Psychiatric | 1237 | 5393 | −0.0339** | −0.01 | −0.0031* | 0.0345*** | 53.14*** | 30 |
| BDI | Psychiatric | 1042 | 4120 | −0.0063 | −0.0044 | −0.04 | 0.0191 | 52.88** | 31 |
| F-Dis-C | Psychiatric | 1235 | 5288 | −0.0219 | 0.0137* | 0.0295*** | 0.0575*** | 49.57*** | 33 |
| S-Hos-C | Psychiatric | 1236 | 5392 | −0.0256* | −0.0208 | −0.0063 | 0.0166** | 46.45** | 34 |
Imaging variables adjusted for baseline intra-cranial volume. N, sample size; N*, number of data points; LRT, likelihood ratio test statistic; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Control p-value is a test against a zero slope and a CAP group p-value is a test against the Control slope. Progression Group (CAP group) is defined at study entry (CAPe). Progression Group columns show the standardized annual rate of change (slope). Rank (last column) is based on the likelihood ratio test statistic. CSF, cerebral spinal fluid; TMS, total motor score; Brady, bradykinesia; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; Stroop-Co, Stroop Color and Word Test – color condition; Stroop-Wo, Stroop Color and Word Test – word condition; SP-Tapping, speeded tapping; Smell-ID, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT); TMT-B, Trail Making Test, Part B; Stroop-In, Stroop Color and Word Test – interference condition; EmoRec, emotion recognition test; TMT-A, Trail Making Test, Part A; TFC, total functional capacity; ECog-C, Everyday Cognition Rating Scale – Companion Rating Scale; ECog-P, Everyday Cognition Rating Scale – Participant Rating Scale; FAS, functional activity scale; WHODAS-C, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule – companion rating scale; WHODAS-P, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule – participant rating scale; S-OC-C, Symptom Checklist 90–obsessive-compulsive scale – companion rating scale; F-Exc-C, Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale – executive subscale – companion rating scale; F-Apa-C, Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale – apathy subscale – companion rating scale; S-GSI-C, Symptom Checklist 90 – Global Severity Index – companion rating scale; S-Dep-C, Symptom Checklist 90 – depression subscale – companion rating scale; S-Anx-C, Symptom Checklist 90 – anxiety subscale – companion rating scale; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory–II; F-Dis-C, Frontal Systems Behavioral Rating Scale – disinhibition subscale – companion rating scale; S-Hos-C, Symptom Checklist 90 – hostility subscale – companion rating scale.