Table 2.

Studies of mitochondrial dysfunction in the ASD brain.

Year published	Citation	No. of ASD	No. of controls	Major findings
1993	Minshew et al., 1993	11	11	Markers of mitochondrial function were abnormal in ASD brain and correlated with ASD behaviors
1999	Chugani et al., 1999	9	5	Elevated lactate in the frontal lobe of 1 out of 9 children with ASD; NAA was reduced in the cerebellum of the ASD group
2003	Friedman et al., 2003	45	28	No significant difference in mean lactate in ASD and control groups
2010	Palmieri et al., 2010	6	6	Higher level of oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins in BA41/42 or BA22 in ASD group; complex IV activity higher in ASD group
2011	Chauhan et al., 2011	8	8	Lower ETC complex activities in cerebellum, frontal lobe and temporal lobe in ASD group
2012	Anitha et al., 2012	8	10	Decreased expression of mitochondrial genes in anterior cingulate gyrus, motor cortex and thalamus in ASD group
2012	Corrigan et al., 2012	54	76	No significant difference in mean lactate in ASD and control groups
2012	Ginsberg et al., 2012	9	9	Decreased ETC complex gene expression in cerebellum and BA19 in ASD group
2012	Rose et al., 2012b	15	15	Significantly decreased aconitase activity in cerebellum and BA22 in ASD group
2013	Anitha et al., 2013	8	10	Reduced expression of ETC genes (complexes I, III, IV, and V) in the anterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, and motor cortex in ASD group
2103	Golomb et al., 2014	6	6	Brain phosphocreatine reduced in muscle and frontal cortex in children with mitochondrial dysfunction and ASD
2013	Gu et al., 2013a	14	12	Reduced ETC complex I and V activities in frontal lobe in ASD group; a higher mtDNA copy number compared to nuclear DNA in 3 different mitochondrial genes found in ASD group
2013	Tang et al., 2013	20	25	Decreased ETC complex I and IV activities in BA21 in ASD group; higher levels of mitochondrial fission proteins and lower levels of mitochondrial fusion proteins in BA21 of ASD group