Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Pro-inflammatory elements secreted by astrocytes and microglia during the process of neuroinflammation.
| Pro-Inflammatory Elements | Effect |
|---|---|
| Chemokines | Dysfunction, apoptosis and necrosis of neuron, microglia and astrocytes |
| IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 INF-γ, TNFα | Astrocytes and microglia activation; dysfunction, apoptosis and necrosis of neuron, microglia and astrocytes |
| NO, ROS, O2− | Oxidative stress in cells; dysfunction, apoptosis and necrosis of neuron, microglia and astrocytes |
