Table 1.
Effects of vestibular system manipulations on navigation and spatial signals in rodents.
| Type | Manipulation | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Behavior | Vestibular nerve cauterization | Impaired T-maze alternation | Potegal et al. (1977) |
| Vestibular nuclei lesion | Impaired return from passive transport | Miller et al. (1983) | |
| Passive rotation | Impaired working and reference memory (water maze) | Semenov and Bures (1989) | |
| Sodium arsanilate | Impaired working memory (radial maze) | Ossenkopp and Hargreaves (1993) | |
| Labyrinthectomy | Impaired reference memory (radial maze) | Russell et al. (2003a) | |
| Sodium arsanilate | Impaired navigation w/o visual cues (square arena) | Stackman and Herbert (2002) | |
| Sodium arsanilate | Impaired food-hoarding (homing) in darkness | Wallace et al. (2002) | |
| Vestibular aspiration | Impaired food-hoarding (homing) in darkness | Zheng et al. (2009) | |
| Slow rotation | Impaired pup retrieval (homing) in darkness | Mittelstaedt and Mittelstaedt (1980) | |
| Vestibular ablation + passive rotation | Impaired spatial discrimination (radial maze) | Matthews et al. (1989) | |
| Sodium arsanilate | Impaired working and reference memory (radial maze); impaired Y-maze alternation | Besnard et al. (2012) | |
| Utricle dysfunction | Impaired movement in darkness | Avni et al. (2009) | |
| Otolith dysfunction | Impaired working and reference memory (radial maze) | Kirby and Yoder (2012) | |
| Otolith dysfunction | Impaired place recognition (Y-maze) | Machado et al. (2012) | |
| Electrophysiology | Labyrinthectomy | Attenuated hippocampal theta rhythm | Russell et al. (2006) |
| Passive rotation | Induced theta rhythm | Shin (2010) | |
| Passive rotation | Induced theta rhythm | Tai et al. (2012) | |
| Sodium arsanilate | Eliminated HD signal | Stackman and Taube (1997) | |
| Tetrodotoxin | Eliminated HD and place cell signals | Stackman et al. (2002) | |
| Labyrinthectomy | Eliminated place cell signal | Russell et al. (2003b) | |
| Inverted orientation in microgravity | Eliminated HD signal | Taube et al. (2004) | |
| Microgravity (space flight) | No effect on place cell activity | Knierim et al. (2000) | |
| Inverted navigation | Disrupted HD signal | Calton and Taube (2005) | |
| Otolith dysfunction | Degraded HD signal | Yoder and Taube (2009) | |
| Passive rotation | Post-rotational activation of HD cell | Taube (2004) Barany Society Meeting (Figure 2) | |
| Plugged semicircular canal | Eliminated directional tuning of HD cells | Muir et al. (2009) | |
| Absence of horizontal canals | Absence of HD cells | Taube and Valerio (2012) |