Figure 4. Psychiatric effects of deep brain stimulation in patients with PD as a function of age, disease characteristics, postoperative motor disability improvement, and stimulating electrode locations.

(A) Differences in age at time of surgery, disease duration, parkinsonian motor disability “on” drug before surgery and “on” stimulation alone after surgery in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) who had postoperative depression (blue bars), hypomanic episodes (red bars), or no mood disorders (black bars). (B) Left panel: stimulating contacts used in patients with PD who had postoperative depression (blue cylinders) or hypomania (brown cylinders); right panel: mean (SD) X, Y, and Z coordinates in the anterior commissure–posterior commissure space of the stimulating contacts in patients with PD who had postoperative depression or hypomania. Asterisks indicate significant differences between groups.