Figure 1.

Boxplots of Pagel's lambda and kappa as measures of phylogenetic signal and gradualism, respectively, estimated for all ordination axes of ecological variation relevant to climatic, habitat and trophic niches. Replicate estimates of lambda and kappa for each axis were made using 100 nearly maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees. The values at the top of each box give the percentage of tests (across trees and axis combinations) that yielded lambda or kappa estimates that were significantly greater than 0 and lower than 1, respectively, based on likelihood ratio tests. To account for the importance of each ordination axis, lambda and kappa values were weighted according to the variances (eigenvalues) of the corresponding ordination axis. The box waist indicates the median score. Filled black points indicate the weighted average estimates of lambda and kappa for climatic, habitat and trophic multivariate niches, across trees and axes.