Table 3. Associations of anaemia and malnutrition among school children, Ethiopia.
| Independent variables | Dependent variables | |||||||||
| Anaemia | Stunting | Low BMI-for-age | ||||||||
| n | COR (95% CI) | % | AOR (95% CI) § | COR (95% CI) | % | AOR (95% CI) § | COR (95% CI) | % | AOR (95% CI) § | |
| Age | ||||||||||
| 6–9 | 169 | 1 | 13 | 1 | 29 | 1 | 25 | |||
| 10–15 | 431 | 1.37 (0.70, 2.67) | 10 | 4.20 (1.46, 12.04)* | 1.65 (1.11, 2.46)* | 38 | 1.64 (0.84, 3.19) | 2.06 (1.36, 3.12)* | 40 | 1.27 (0.64, 2.52) |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 288 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 38 | 1 | 35 | |||
| Female | 312 | 0.46 (0.26, 0.82)* | 7 | 0.46 (0.26, 0.81)* | 0.74 (0.53, 1.05) | 31 | 0.73 (0.52, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.27) | 33 | 0.89 (0.63, 1.25) |
| Family size | ||||||||||
| ≤7 | 372 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 29 | 1 | 37 | |||
| >7 | 228 | 1.80 (0.74, 4.40) | 15 | 1.86 (0.74, 4.66) | 2.06 (1.16, 3.67)* | 46 | 2.04 (1.14, 3.65)* | 1.12 (0.63, 1.97) | 40 | 1.06 (0.59, 1.89) |
| Latrine use | ||||||||||
| Yes | 264 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 30 | |||
| No | 336 | 1.47 (0.72, 3.00) | 11 | 1.25 (0.60, 2.59) | 1.46 (0.96, 2.21) | 39 | 1.42 (0.93, 2.16) | 1.61 (1.07, 2.44)* | 41 | 1.65 (1.08, 2.52)* |
| Hand hygiene | ||||||||||
| Clean | 174 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 33 | 1 | 33 | |||
| Unclean | 426 | 4.05 (2.00, 8.22)* | 20 | 3.20 (1.54, 6.65)* | 1.40 (0.90, 2.18) | 41 | 1.35 (0.85, 2.1) | 1.59 (1.03, 2.47)* | 44 | 1.76 (1.11, 2.80)* |
| Finger nail hygiene | ||||||||||
| Clean | 186 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 33 | 1 | 39 | |||
| Unclean | 414 | 1.71 (0.76, 3.88) | 11 | 1.51 (0.66, 3.47) | 1.12 (0.72, 1.75) | 36 | 1.12 (0.71, 1.75) | 0.87 (0.56, 1.34) | 35 | 0.90 (0.58, 1.39) |
| Household water source | ||||||||||
| Pipe | 156 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 31 | 1 | 42 | |||
| Hand pump | 300 | 1.62 (0.55, 4.77) | 14 | 1.93 (0.62, 6.00) | 1.26 (0.63, 2.53) | 36 | 1.29 (0.63, 2.66) | 0.65 (0.33, 1.27) | 32 | 0.47 (0.23, 0.98)* |
| Wells and streams | 144 | 0.69 (0.16, 3.04) | 7 | 0.83 (0.18, 3.86) | 1.33 (0.59, 2.97) | 37 | 1.39 (0.60, 3.22) | 1.24 (0.57, 2.67) | 47 | 0.87 (0.38, 1.98) |
| E. histolytica/dispar | ||||||||||
| No | 356 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 34 | 1 | 34 | |||
| Yes | 227 | 1.78 (1.02, 3.12)* | 14 | 1.95 (1.11, 3.44)* | 1.12 (0.79, 1.59) | 36 | 1.11 (0.78, 1.57) | 0.97 (0.68, 1.38) | 34 | 0.90 (0.63, 1.29) |
| Hookworm Infection† | ||||||||||
| No | 148 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 34 | 1 | 35 | |||
| Yes | 31 | 3.77 (1.26, 11.32)* | 28 | 4.60 (1.44, 14.65)* | 2.23 (0.96, 5.19) | 47 | 2.24 (0.96, 5.23) | 0.62 (0.23, 1.65) | 23 | 0.60 (0.22, 1.65) |
| S. mansoni Infection† | ||||||||||
| No | 296 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 34 | 1 | 35 | |||
| Yes | 80 | 2.77 (0.92, 8.34) | 14 | 2.60 (0.84,8.11) | 1.16 (0.64, 2.11) | 35 | 079 (0.43, 1.46) | 1.07 (0.59, 1.95) | 34 | 0.85 (0.46, 1.58) |
§ Adjusted for age and sex.
* Statistically significant at 95% confidence interval (CI).
† Statistical analysis done only for areas where the parasite was detected.
COR = crude odds ratio as computed by logistic regression model; AOR = adjusted odds ratio as computed by logistic regression model.
E. histolytica/dispar = Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar; S. mansoni = Schistosoma mansoni.