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Available strategies to target the estrogen signaling pathway for lung cancer treatment or prevention. Strategies include: 1) inhibition of estrogen synthesis with aromatase inhibitors; 2) down-regulation of ERs using antiestrogens; 3) targeting growth factor pathways that are activated by estrogens, such as the EGF, IGF-1 and VEGF pathways using growth factor receptor TKIs. These strategies can be used as single agents or in combination.
