Effects of chronic hypoxia and an AMPA receptor antagonist (NBQX) on (A) VI, (C) fR and (E) VT for CON and CSH rats before and after microinjection of NBQX. Effect of chronic hypoxia and NBQX on the magnitude of the HVR of (B) VI, (D) fR and (F) VT. Data are means ± s.e.m. from n = 13 CON and 8 CSH rats. *Significant difference between CON and CSH values. †Significant difference between artificial cerebral spinal fluid and drug injections. ‡No significant difference between 10% and 21% O2 (P < 0.05). CON, controls; CSH, chronic sustained hypoxia; fR, breathing frequency; HVR, hypoxic ventilatory response; VI, total minute ventilation; VT, tidal volume.