Table 1.
Gateway Classification after Singer (2004)
| Gateway Type | Metro Area | Total Pop 2000 | % Foreign-born |
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous | Boston, MA-NH | 3,951,557 | 14.64% |
| Chicago, IL | 8,804,453 | 16.53% | |
| New York-Northeastern NJ | 18,372,239 | 26.33% | |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Vallejo, CA | 4,645,830 | 26.33% | |
|
| |||
| Post WWII | Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood-Pompano Beach, F | 1,624,272 | 25.22% |
| Houston-Brazoria, TX | 4,413,414 | 19.66% | |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA | 12,368,516 | 34.86% | |
| Miami-Hialeah, FL | 2,327,072 | 49.67% | |
| Riverside-San Bernardino, CA | 3,253,263 | 18.73% | |
| San Diego, CA | 2,807,873 | 21.53% | |
|
| |||
| Emerging | Atlanta, GA | 3,987,990 | 10.45% |
| Dallas-Fort Worth, TX | 5,043,876 | 15.45% | |
| Las Vegas, NV | 1,375,174 | 18.01% | |
| Orlando, FL | 1,652,742 | 11.85% | |
| Washington, DC/MD/VA | 4,733,359 | 17.41% | |
| West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach, F | 1,133,519 | 17.35% | |
|
| |||
| Pre-emerging | Austin, TX | 1,167,216 | 12.76% |
| Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC | 1,499,677 | 6.75% | |
| Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC | 1,252,554 | 5.52% | |
| Raleigh-Durham, NC | 1,182,869 | 9.21% | |
| Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT | 1,331,833 | 8.53% | |
|
| |||
| Re-emerging | Denver-Boulder, CO | 2,412,400 | 10.84% |
| Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN | 2,856,295 | 7.22% | |
| Phoenix, AZ | 3,070,331 | 14.47% | |
| Portland, OR-WA | 1,789,019 | 11.25% | |
| Sacramento, CA | 1,632,863 | 13.94% | |
| San Jose, CA | 1,688,089 | 34.09% | |
| Seattle-Everett, WA | 2,332,682 | 13.99% | |
| Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL | 2,386,781 | 9.83% | |
|
| |||
| Former | Baltimore, MD | 2,513,661 | 5.82% |
| Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY | 1,175,089 | 4.36% | |
| Cleveland, OH | 2,255,480 | 5.04% | |
| Detroit, MI | 4,430,477 | 7.49% | |
| Milwaukee, WI | 1,499,015 | 5.21% | |
| Philadelphia, PA/NJ | 5,082,137 | 6.99% | |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 2,500,497 | 2.50% | |
| St. Louis, MO-IL | 2,602,448 | 3.14% | |
|
| |||
| Other >1m | Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH/KY/IN | 1,473,012 | 2.75% |
| Columbus, OH | 1,443,293 | 4.99% | |
| Indianapolis, IN | 1,603,021 | 3.22% | |
| Jacksonville, FL | 1,101,766 | 5.42% | |
| Kansas City, MO-KS | 1,682,053 | 4.88% | |
| Nashville, TN | 1,234,004 | 4.70% | |
| New Orleans, LA | 1,381,841 | 4.72% | |
| Norfolk-VA Beach--Newport News, VA | 1,553,838 | 4.45% | |
| Oklahoma City, OK | 1,157,773 | 5.38% | |
| Providence-Fall River-Pawtucket, MA/RI | 1,025,944 | 12.89% | |
| Rochester, NY | 1,030,303 | 5.89% | |
| San Antonio, TX | 1,551,396 | 10.61% | |
Continuous, Post-World War II, Emerging, and Re-Emerging gateways have foreign-born populations greater than 200,000 and either foreign-born shares higher than the 2000 national average (11.1 percent) or foreign-born growth rates higher than the national average (57.4 percent), or both. Former gateways are determined through historical trends (see below). Pre-Emerging gateways have smaller foreign-born populations but very high growth rates in the 1990s. The gateway definitions and selection are also based on the historical presence (in percentage terms) of the foreign-born in their central cities:
Former: Above national average in percentage foreign-born 1900–1930, followed by percentages below the national average in every decade through 2000
Continuous: Above-average percentage foreign-born for every decade, 1900–2000
Post-World War II: Low percentage foreign-born until after 1950, followed by percentages higher than the national average for remainder of century
Emerging: Very low percentage foreign-born until 1970, followed by a high proportions in the post-1980 period
Re-Emerging: Similar pattern to continuous gateways: Foreign-born percentage exceeds national average 1900–1930, lags it after 1930, then increases rapidly after 1980
Pre-Emerging: Very low percentages of foreign-born for the entire 20th century