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Glutamate release mechanisms in astrocytes. The six known mechanisms in are listed in the order of their discoveries along with original references: 1) swelling-induced opening of volume-regulated anion channels59; 2) reverse operation of excitatory amino acid transporters60; 3) Ca2+-dependent exocytosis61; 4) the cystine-glutamate exchanger67; 5) connexon hemichannels69; and 6) the P2X7 receptor70. Modified from113.
